| | - volcano forecasting
- (from the article "volcano") The greatest hazard at potentially active volcanoes is human complacency. The physical hazards can be reliably estimated by studying past eruptive activity as recorded in history or in the prehistoric deposits around a volcano. Volcano observatories can monitor local earthquake activity and the surface deformation of a potentially active volcano ...
- Volcano Island
- (from the article "Major volcanoes of the world") ...with a maximum width of 15 miles (24 km), at less than 10 feet (3 m) above sea level. It has an area of 94 square miles (244 square km) and is the country's third largest lake. Within the lake rises Volcano Island (984 feet [300 m]), which itself contains ...
- Volcano Islands
- archipelago, Tokyo to (metropolis), Japan. The islands lie in the western Pacific between the Bonin Islands (north) and the Mariana Islands (south). The three small volcanic islands are, in north-south sequence, Kita-Io (San Alexander) Island, Io (Iwo Jima) Island, and Minami-Io (San Augustino) Island. Unclaimed until the arrival of Japanese ...
- volcano rabbit
- (from the article "rabbit") ...others are semiaquatic (the swamp rabbit, S. aquaticus, and the marsh rabbit, S. palustris). Two other genera of rabbit also live in North America. The volcano rabbit, or zacatuche (Romerolagus diazi), inhabits dense undergrowth of bunchgrass in pine forests in the ...
- volcano-tectonic depression
- (from the article "caldera") ...their shape is governed by preexisting tectonic structures (produced by movements of the Earth's crust), such as joints and faults in the underlying older rocks. They therefore are referred to as volcano-tectonic depressions. Their collapse also appears to be at least partly related to the rapid extrusion of large amounts ...
- volcanogenic massive sulfide
- (from the article "mineral deposit") Wherever volcanism occurs beneath the sea, the potential exists for seawater to penetrate the volcanic rocks, become heated by a magma chamber, and react with the enclosing rocks-in the process concentrating geochemically scarce metals and so forming a hydrothermal solution. When such a solution forms a hot spring on the ...
- volcanology
- discipline of the geologic sciences that is concerned with all aspects of volcanic phenomena. [2 Related Articles]
- Volcker, Paul
- American economist and banker who, as chairman of the board of governors of the Federal Reserve System (1979-87), played a key role in stabilizing the American economy during the 1980s. [1 Related Articles]
- vole
- any of 124 species of small-bodied mouselike rodents of the Northern Hemisphere. Voles have a blunt rather than a tapered muzzle, a tail shorter than the body, and small eyes and ears. Voles live in a wide variety of habitats at elevations ranging from sea level to high mountains. In ...
- Volendam
- town, Edam-Volendam gemeente (municipality), northwestern Netherlands, on Lake IJssel. Its harbour was sealed off as part of an inland lake (see IJsselmeer Polders), and the town's once-flourishing fishing industry has subsequently declined. Tourism is now the principal economic factor. Visitors and artists are attracted by the quaint buildings, some lake ...
- Volga Bolgarian language
- (from the article "Turkic languages") The "Middle Turkic" period, which began in the 13th century, embraces several regional written languages: Khwarezmian Turkic, Volga Bolgarian, Old Kipchak, Old Ottoman, and Early Chagatai. Khwarezmian, used in the 13th-14th centuries in the empire of the Golden Horde, is based on the old language, but mixed with Oghuz and ...
- Volga Finns
- (from the article "Finno-Ugric religion") Farther to the south, the differentiation of the Volga Finns into separate groups probably began about 1200 BC. The Volga Finns consist today of the Mordvins (including the Moksha in the southeast and the Erzya in the northwest), living in a rather large region near the middle reaches of the ...
- Volga Hills
- (from the article "Russia") ...west the Central Russian Upland, with a maximum elevation of 950 feet (290 metres), separates the lowlands of the upper Dnieper River valley from those of the Oka and Don rivers, beyond which the Volga Hills rise gently to 1,230 feet (375 metres) before descending abruptly to the Volga River. ...
- Volga River
- river of Europe, the continent's longest, and the principal waterway of western Russia and the historic cradle of the Russian state. Its basin, sprawling across about two-fifths of the European part of Russia, contains almost half of the entire population of the Russian Republic. The Volga's immense economic, cultural, and ... [8 Related Articles]
- Volga-Baltic Waterway
- system of rivers and a canal in western Russia linking the Volga River with the Baltic Sea. The Volga-Baltic Waterway connects with the White Sea-Baltic Canal at Lake Onega. The total length of the waterway is about 1,100 km (685 miles). [2 Related Articles]
- Volga-Don Canal
- canal linking the lower Volga River with the Don River at their closest point in southwestern Russia. The canal runs from Kalach-na-Donu, on the eastern shore of the Tsimlyansk Reservoir, for 101 km (63 miles) to Krasnoarmeysk on the Volga immediately south of Volgograd. There are 13 locks along its ... [3 Related Articles]
- Volga-Ural Petroleum and Gas Province
- principal petroleum-producing region of Russia. Situated in the southern part of European Russia, it stretches from the west flank of the Ural Mountains to west of the Volga River. The largest fields are in Bashkortostan and Tatarstan and near Samara (Syzran fields), Perm, and Orenburg. Buguruslan has large natural-gas fields. ... [1 Related Articles]
- Volgograd
- oblast (province), southwestern Russia, lying athwart the lower Volga and Don rivers. The Volga is flanked on the west by the Volga Upland, which is continued south of Volgograd as the Yergeni Upland. West of the Khoper and Don are additional low uplands. Between the uplands and also east of ...
- Volgograd
- city and administrative centre of Volgograd oblast (province), southwestern Russia, on the Volga River. It was founded as the fortress of Tsaritsyn in 1589 to protect newly acquired Russian territory along the Volga. During the Russian Civil War (1918-20), Joseph Stalin organized the defense of the city in a major ... [1 Related Articles]
- Volhynia
- area of northwestern Ukraine that was a principality (10th-14th century) and then an autonomous component of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and was ruled largely by its own aristocracy (after the late 14th century). The region became prominent during the 12th century, when many emigrants from the declining Kiev principality ... [5 Related Articles]
- volition
- (from the article "mind, philosophy of") Intellect and emotion often come to expression in volition and action, important topics in the philosophy of mind-topics that comprise such concepts as motive, desire and purpose, deliberation, decision, intention, attempt, and action, both voluntary and involuntary.decision makingintentionwill
- Voliva, Wilbur Glenn
- (from the article "Christian Catholic Church") ...that was settled in 1901. Business and industry were controlled by church officials, with Dowie as general overseer. Financial difficulties led to his being deposed in 1906, and he was succeeded by Wilbur Glenn Voliva. The church remained strong in Zion, but the city eventually welcomed other businesses and churches.
- Voljansky troupe
- (from the article "circus") ...to dominate specific areas of circus performance. Eastern Europeans became known for acrobatics and tumbling over the course of the 20th century. In the groundbreaking high-wire act of the Russian Voljansky troupe, the wire changed from being horizontal to being at an oblique angle, while the tension was maintained. Another ...
- Volk
- (from the article "Hitler, Adolf") ...of an unchangeable natural order that exalted the "Aryan race" as the creative element of mankind. According to Hitler, the natural unit of mankind was the Volk ("the people"), of which the German people was the greatest. Moreover, he believed that the state existed to serve the ...
- Volkelt, Johannes
- (from the article "Kantianism") ...und die Epigonen, its author, Otto Liebmann, introduced the new metaphysical approach in his book on the analysis of reality (1876), which came near to the Kantianism of Marburg. The Romanticist Johannes Volkelt, in turn, took up the theme of a critical metaphysics and expressed his persisting aspirations toward the ...
- Volkerkunde
- (from the article "anthropology") ...two disciplines in much of central, eastern, and northern Europe. In German, the distinction has been made between Volkskunde and Volkerkunde, and, although these terms may now be somewhat outdated, they express the traditional divide clearly. One discipline was devoted to "the people"; it ...
- Volkerwanderung
- (from the article "West Germanic languages") Toward the end of the 4th century the great migrations (German Volkerwanderung) of Germanic tribes resulted in an expansion of the Germanic-speaking territory. Angles, Saxons, and Jutes crossed the Channel to England; Franks moved southwest into northern France and southwestern central Germany; and Alemanni, Bavarians, and Langobardi moved south into ...
- Volkhov River
- river, northwestern Russia. It is the major outlet for Lake Ilmen, whence it flows past Novgorod and directly north-northeast into Lake Ladoga across a level, swampy basin. The river is 139 miles (224 km) long and drains a basin of 31,000 square miles (80,200 square km). It is frozen from ...
- Volkischer Beobachter
- (German: "People's Observer"), daily newspaper published by the Nazi Party in Germany from the 1920s until the fall of the Third Reich in 1945. The paper was originally founded in 1887 as a four-page Munich weekly, the Munchner Beobachter. It had become a daily anti-Semitic gossip sheet with a circulation ... [1 Related Articles]
- Volkmann canal
- (from the article "osteon") ...are filled with interstitial lamellae, layers of bone that are often remnants of previous haversian systems. Transverse vessels, which run perpendicular to the long axis of the cortex, are called Volkmann canals; Volkmann canals connect adjacent osteons and also connect the blood vessels of the haversian canals with the periosteum, ...
- Volkmann contracture
- disorder of the wrist and hand in which the hand and fingers become fixed in a characteristic bent position. The disorder may be caused by the pressure of bandages, a tourniquet, or splints after a fracture; it may also be caused by a severe injury in the region of the ...
- Volkogonov, Dmitry Antonovich
- Russian colonel general and Soviet military historian who gained access to archival material and published scathing exposes on V.I. Lenin, Joseph Stalin, Leon Trotsky, and other formerly sacrosanct Soviet leaders (b. March 22, 1928--d. Dec. 6, 1995).
- volkonskoite
- (from the article "clay mineral") ...less frequent, chromium (Cr3+) and vanadium (V3+) also are found as dominant cations in the octahedral sheets of the beidellite structure, and chromium species are called volkonskoite. The ideal structural formula of trioctahedral ferromagnesian smectites, the series saponite through iron saponite, is given by (Mg, Fe2+)3(Si4 -...
- Volkov, Vladislav Nikolayevich
- Soviet cosmonaut, participant in the Soyuz 7 and 11 missions of 1969 and 1971, the second of which resulted in the death of three cosmonauts. [2 Related Articles]
- Volkova, Vera
- Soviet ballet teacher who greatly influenced Western dance training. [1 Related Articles]
- Volkova, Yekaterina
- (from the article "Track and Field Sports (Athletics)") ...5,000 m at a world championship, as were the winning times in most other distance races. With the heat and humidity testing endurance athletes, the women's 3,000-m steeplechase was exceptional. Yekaterina Volkova of Russia won in 9 min 6.57 sec, a meet record and the second fastest clocking ever.
- Volkovysk
- city, Hrodno oblast (province), western Belarus. It dates from the 13th century as a fortified point on the frontier between the principality of Hrodno and the grand duchy of Lithuania, in which locale it suffered many reversals of fortune. By the 19th century it was a centre of trade and ...
- Volksbucher
- (from the article "chapbook") Many of the earliest English and German chapbooks derived from French examples, which began to appear at the end of the 15th century. The Volksbucher (a type of chapbook) began to flourish in Germany in the mid-16th century. Some were prose versions of medieval German verse romances; others contained tales ...
- Volksgeist
- (from the article "law, philosophy of") For Savigny, law rests on the Volksgeist, or innate popular consciousness; law par excellence is customary law. He recognized, of course, that the details of a developed legal system do not spring from simple group intuition. With maturity, both life and law become more specialized and artificial, creating a dualism ...
- Volksgemeinschaft
- (from the article "fascism") Hitler envisioned the ideal German society as a Volksgemeinschaft, a racially unified and hierarchically organized body in which the interests of individuals would be strictly subordinate to those of the nation, or Volk. Like a military battalion, the people's community would be permanently prepared ...
- Volkshochschulen
- (from the article "Germany") There is an extensive range of possibilities for extended education or extramural studies. About 1,000 Volkshochschulen (adult education centres) enroll some six million adults for complete courses or individual subjects, whether in preparation for or furtherance of a career or out of personal interest. The government has ...
- Volkskammer
- (from the article "Germany") When it became clear that a West German government would be established, a so-called election for a People's Congress was held in the Soviet occupation zone in May 1949. But instead of choosing among candidates, voters were allowed only the choice of approving or rejecting-usually in less-than-secret circumstances-"unity lists" of ...
- Volkskunde
- (from the article "anthropology") ...or cultural anthropology has long been divided into two disciplines in much of central, eastern, and northern Europe. In German, the distinction has been made between Volkskunde and Volkerkunde, and, although these terms may now be somewhat outdated, they express the traditional divide clearly. ...
- Volksraad
- advisory body created by the Dutch in the East Indies (now Indonesia) in 1917 and opened in May 1918. It served as a forum for the expression of grievances but lacked the power to pursue genuine reform. [2 Related Articles]
- Volksschule
- (from the article "education") The Volksschule was universal, free, and compulsory. The fundamental subjects were taught along with gymnastics and religion, which held important places in the curriculum. Girls and boys were taught in separate schools except when it was uneconomical to do so. Boys usually received training in manual work, and girls in ...
- Volksseele
- (from the article "German literature") ...Herder conceived the idea of cultural relativism and historicism that regards each culture as possessing a distinct collective identity, an "ethnic soul" (Volksseele) that allows it to be studied and judged within its own context. The existence of a Volksseele, in Herder's view, creates ...
- Volkssturm
- (from the article "Himmler, Heinrich") ...SS") until, with 35 divisions, it rivaled the army. He also gained control of the intelligence network, military armaments (after the abortive attempt on Hitler's life of July 20, 1944), the Volkssturm ("People's Storm Troop"), a mass levy of mostly older men, and later the Werwolf, a guerrilla force intended ...
- Volkswagen
- (from the article "automotive industry") The post-World War II revival of the German automobile industry from almost total destruction was a spectacular feat, with most emphasis centring on the Volkswagen. At the end of the war the Volkswagen factory and the city of Wolfsburg were in ruins. Restored to production, in a little more than ...
- Volkswagen AG
- major German automobile manufacturer, founded by the German government in 1937 to mass-produce a low-priced "people's car." Headquarters are in Wolfsburg. [7 Related Articles]
- Volland, Sophie
- (from the article "Diderot, Denis") ...as of his allegedly indecent novel Les Bijoux indiscrets (1748), were used to meet the demands of his mistress, Madeleine de Puisieux, with whom he broke a few years later. In 1755 he met Sophie Volland, with whom he formed an attachment that was to last more than 20 years. ...
- Vollard, Ambroise
- French art dealer and publisher who in the late 19th and early 20th centuries championed the then avant-garde works of such artists as Paul Cezanne, Henri Matisse, and Pablo Picasso. [4 Related Articles]
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