| | - Vinh Long
- town, Mekong delta region, southern Vietnam. It is a river port on the right bank of the Tien River; it has a hospital and commercial airport. It also has served as the focal point of the Roman Catholic church in the Mekong delta; a large Catholic cathedral is located in ...
- Vinita
- city, seat (1907) of Craig county, northeastern Oklahoma, U.S. It lies northeast of Tulsa along the old Osage Trace (later Texas Road), a route used by fur trappers and pioneers in the 1880s. Founded as Downingville in 1871 when the railroads arrived, it was renamed for Vinnie Ream, who sculpted ...
- Vinitaruci
- (from the article "Buddhism") The first dhyana (Zen; Vietnamese: thien), or meditation, school was introduced by Vinitaruci, an Indian monk who had gone to Vietnam from China in the 6th century. In the 9th century a school of "wall meditation" was introduced by the Chinese monk Vo Ngon ...
- Vinje, Aasmund Olafson
- poet and journalist who wrote some of the finest lyric poems in Norwegian literature.
- Vinland
- the wooded land in North America that was visited and named by Leif Eriksson about the year AD 1000. Its exact location is not known, but it was probably somewhere along the Atlantic coastline of what is now eastern or northeastern Canada. [2 Related Articles]
- Vinnytsya
- city, west-central Ukraine, lying along the Southern Buh river. It was first mentioned in historical records in 1363 as a fortress belonging to Prince Algirdas of Lithuania. Vinnytsya was often raided by the Tatars and passed later to Poland and finally, in 1793, to Russia. A trading town by the ...
- Vinogradoff, Sir Paul Gavrilovitch
- Anglo-Russian legal scholar and medievalist who was perhaps the greatest authority in his time on the feudal laws and customs of England.
- Vinogradov, Ivan Matveyevich
- Russian mathematician known for his contributions to analytic number theory, especially his partial solution of the Goldbach conjecture (proposed in 1742), that every integer greater than two can be expressed as the sum of three prime numbers. [1 Related Articles]
- Vinokurov, Aleksandr
- (from the article "Cycling") ...the Tour de France, he prevailed in the first of the three major national tours of the year, the Tour of Italy (Giro d'Italia). The Tour of Spain (Vuelta a Espana) was won by Kazakhstan rider Aleksandr Vinokurov, who was not implicated by Operacion Puerto but had been unable to ...
- vinous-throated parrotbill
- (from the article "parrotbill") A well-known garden bird in Chinese cities is the vinous-throated parrotbill (Paradoxornis webbianus). Ranging from Manchuria south through China and Korea to Myanmar (Burma), it frequents bamboo groves, tea plantations, and scrub, as well as gardens. Searching out seeds, it moves in large flocks through the undergrowth and stays in ...
- Vinson Massif
- peak in the Sentinel Range of the Ellsworth Mountains of western Antarctica, overlooking Ronne Ice Shelf. Discovered in 1935 by the American explorer Lincoln Ellsworth, it is, at 16,050 feet (4,892 metres) above sea level, the highest mountain on the continent. The massif slopes gently to the northwest. [1 Related Articles]
- Vinson, Fred M.
- American lawyer and 13th chief justice of the United States, who was a vigorous supporter of a broad interpretation of federal governmental powers.
- vint
- trick-taking card game, popular around the Baltic Sea, and a significant contributor to the development of bridge. It developed from a game called Siberia, played in St. Petersburg in the 1870s. This was a form of whist exhibiting the then novel feature that the dealer announced the trump suit and ...
- Vinter, Christiern
- (from the article "biblical literature") Within two years of publication, Luther's New Testament had already influenced a Danish translation made at the request of the exiled king Christian II by Christiern Vinter and Hans Mikkelsen (Wittenberg, 1524). In 1550 Denmark received a complete Bible commissioned by royal command (the Christian III Bible, Copenhagen). A revision ...
- Vintimille, Pauline de Mailly-Nesle, marquise de
- (from the article "Louis XV") ...of scheming ministers and courtiers, Louis isolated himself at court and occupied himself with a succession of mistresses, several of whom exercised considerable political influence. Already Pauline de Mailly-Nesle, marquise de Vintimille, Louis's mistress from 1739 to 1741, had sponsored the war party that brought France into the inconclusive War ...
- vinyl acetate
- (from the article "vinyl acetate") colourless, liquid organic compound, the polymer of which is polyvinyl acetate (q.v.).polyvinyl acetate synthesispolyvinyl acetate a colourless, water-insoluble resin
- vinyl chloride
- a colourless, flammable, toxic gas belonging to the family of organohalogen compounds and used principally in making polyvinyl chloride, or PVC, a widely used plastic with numerous applications. [3 Related Articles]
- vinyl compound
- any of various organic chemical compounds, including acrylic compounds and styrene and its derivatives, that are useful in making plastic film; sheeting; upholstery; floor tile; inflatable and solid toys; buttons; molded and extruded articles; fibres for weaving into fabric; insulation for wire; screening; tubing, especially for chemicals; substitutes for rubber; ... [1 Related Articles]
- vinyl copolymer
- (from the article "industrial polymers, major") In addition to the copolymers mentioned in previous sections (e.g., fluoroelastomers, modacrylics), a number of important vinyl (carbon-chain) copolymers are manufactured. These include most of the important synthetic elastomers not described in Diene polymers, along with several specialty plastics and thermoplastic elastomers. These copolymers are described in this section.
- vinyl fluoride
- a colourless, flammable, nontoxic, chemically stable gas belonging to the family of organohalogen compounds and used as the starting material in making polyvinyl fluoride, a plastic used in films for weather-resistant coatings of structural materials. Vinyl fluoride is prepared from acetylene and hydrogen fluoride by direct reaction in the presence ...
- vinyl polymer
- (from the article "floor covering") ...the U.S. for this type of flooring. In the U.K. the term asphalt tile was used for a different product, and the somewhat misleading term thermo-plastic tile was applied to a similar British product. Vinyl asbestos tiles, containing asbestos fibres, were developed next and introduced at the Chicago World's Fair ...
- vinylic halide
- (from the article "organohalogen compound") any of a class of organic compounds that contain at least one halogen (fluorine [F], chlorine [Cl], bromine [Br], or iodine [I]) bonded to carbon. They are subdivided into alkyl, vinylic, aryl, and acyl halides. In alkyl halides all four bonds to the carbon that bears the halogen are single ...
- vinylidene chloride
- a colourless, dense, toxic, volatile, flammable liquid belonging to the family of organic halogen compounds, used principally in combination with vinyl chloride, acrylonitrile, or methyl methacrylate for the manufacture of a class of plastics called saran. Vinylidene chloride is also used as a starting material for making methylchloroform, or 1,1,1-trichloroethane, ... [1 Related Articles]
- vinylidene fluoride
- (from the article "industrial polymers, major") A number of fluorinated polymers or copolymers having elastomeric properties are produced that incorporate the monomers vinylidene fluoride (CH2&doublehorzbond;CF2), hexafluoropropylene (CF2&doublehorzbond;CFCF3), and chlorotrifluoroethylene (CF2&doublehorzbond;CFCl) in addition to tetrafluoroethylene. These elastomers have outstanding...
- Vinylite
- (from the article "industrial polymers, major") ...product was responsible for the commercial success of the polymer. Another route to a flexible product was copolymerization: in 1930 the Union Carbide Corporation introduced the trademarked polymer Vinylite, a copolymer of vinyl chloride and vinyl acetate that became the standard material of long-playing phonograph records.
- vinyltrichlorosilane
- (from the article "silane") ...(CH3)2SiCl2, is important as the starting material for the dimethylpolysiloxanes, members of the silicone family of polymers. Chlorotrimethylsilane and vinyltrichlorosilane are used to impart water repellency to numerous materials such as cloth, paper, and glass.
- viol
- bowed, stringed musical instrument used principally in chamber music of the 16th to the 18th century. The viol shares with the Renaissance lute the tuning of its six strings (two fourths, a major third, two fourths) and the gut frets on its neck. It was made in three sizes: treble, ... [6 Related Articles]
- viola
- stringed musical instrument, the tenor of the violin family. It is built in proportions similar to those of the violin but has a body length of 37 to 43 centimetres (14.5 to 17 inches), about 5 cm (2 inches) longer than a violin. Its four strings are tuned c-g-d'-a', beginning ... [3 Related Articles]
- Viola
- a shipwrecked young woman, later disguised as the young man Cesario, in Shakespeare's Twelfth Night. Viola-Cesario stands at the centre of the play as Shakespeare's example of reason, intelligence, self-control, and mature love. For her moral stature and wit, Viola ranks with Portia and Rosalind, two other ... [1 Related Articles]
- Viola
- genus of about 500 species of herbs or low shrubs, including the small, solid-coloured violets and the larger-flowered, often multicoloured violas and pansies. Viola occur naturally worldwide but are found most abundantly in temperate climates, with the greatest variety occurring in the Andes Mountains of South America. [3 Related Articles]
- Viola crassa
- (from the article "mountain ecosystem") ...mountains of Japan, in places with marked soil instability associated with the effects of recent volcanic activity. While the plants surviving in such places are varied, some, like the violet Viola crassa, are typical of these harsh habitats.
- viola d'amore
- (from the article "stringed instrument") ...sarangi, has from 35 to 40 sympathetic strings; the Norwegian Hardanger fiddle (Hardingfele) has 4 sympathetic strings, the viola d'amore 6 or more. Sympathetic strings are generally made of thin brass or steel, and their vibration reinforces the upper harmonics, thus producing a bright, silvery sound.comparison with ...
- viola da gamba
- (from the article "viol") ...of complex solo divisions, or ornate variations on a melody, often played on a small bass called a division viol. When that fashion died out in the late 1600s, the normal-sized solo bass viol, or viola da gamba (the name became synonymous with the bass viol as the other viols ...
- Viola odorata
- (from the article "Malpighiales") ...Rinorea are used as chew sticks in West African markets. Viola is commonly grown as an ornamental (pansies, V. x wittrockiana, and other violets) in north temperate regions. Viola odorata has rhizomes and seeds that are poisonous and cause gastroenteritis, but it also has an essential oil much used in ...
- Viola, Bill
- American video and sound artist who was one of the pioneering figures of a generation of artists in the 1970s employing video art and sound technologies. Known for his room-sized environments (installations) that envelop viewers with sound and feature many screens of moving images, Viola created sublimely romantic imagery in ... [1 Related Articles]
- Viola, Roberto Eduardo
- (from the article "Argentina") Videla was succeeded in March 1981 by General Roberto Viola, who, with the Dirty War near its end, was quite unable to control his military allies. In December he was shouldered aside by Lieutenant General Leopoldo Galtieri. Galtieri faced a slumping economy and increased civil opposition to military rule. His ...
- Violaceae
- (from the article "Malpighiales") Violaceae, or the violet family, contains 23 genera and 800 species of herbs to trees with a few vines. The family is largely tropical to warm temperate, although there are relatively few species in Malesia and Australia. Viola (400-600 species) is largely herbaceous and north temperate; Rinorea (160-270 species) is ...
- violation
- (from the article "crime") ...category or the other, and it has been used as the basis for determining the court that will hear the case. In some jurisdictions, minor offenses were classified under a new category called "violations," which corresponded broadly to the English category of summary offenses.
- violence
- (from the article "Algeria") Political violence increased, owing to youth radicalization and attacks by the Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (GSPC), which claimed to have joined al-Qaeda in September 2006. Following the explosion of two truck bombs at police stations in Reghaia, several persons were killed in October 2006; a bus...Bahrain
- Violence Against Women Office
- federal agency, part of the U.S. Department of Justice, that was established in March 1995 to help implement and coordinate some of the measures called for in the 1994 Violence Against Women Act. The act was a comprehensive piece of legislation designed to combat such violence by mandating stiffer penalties ...
- Violencia, La
- (from the article "Colombia") Liberal hegemony continued through the 1930s and the World War II era, and Alfonso Lopez Pumarejo was reelected in 1942; however, wartime conditions were not favourable to social change. In the elections of 1946, two Liberal candidates, Gabriel Turbay and Jorge Eliecer Gaitan, stood for election and thus split the ...
- Violent Crime Linkage Analysis System
- (from the article "police") ...to have been committed by the same offender, the system alerts the appropriate law enforcement agency. Other countries have developed systems similar to ViCAP; one of the most elaborate is the Violent Crime Linkage Analysis System (ViCLAS), which is managed by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. ViCLAS collects extensive data ...
- Violent Criminal Apprehension Program
- (from the article "police") ...crimes, such as serial murder, because details may be gathered from more than one case. Many law enforcement agencies now use computerized systems to aid them in such investigations; the FBI's Violent Criminal Apprehension Program (ViCAP), for example, is a database that contains information on violent crimes committed across the ...
- violet wood sorrel
- (from the article "Oxalis") ...Besides the wood sorrel, about 20 other species occur in North America, among which are the yellow wood sorrel (O. stricta), of the eastern United States and Canada, with yellow flowers; the violet wood sorrel (O. violacea), of the eastern United States, with rose-purple flowers; the redwood wood sorrel (O. ...
- Violette, Banks
- (from the article "Art and Art Exhibitions") ...a 9 × 27-m (30 × 90-ft) barge landscaped with local earth and vegetation. Deterioration of society and material embodied the first American solo museum exhibition of Modern Gothic artist Banks Violette. For Untitled, Violette enlisted the sonic aid of black metal music to conjure the romantic sublime in a ...
- violin
- bowed, stringed musical instrument that evolved during the Renaissance from earlier bowed instruments: the medieval fiddle; its 16th-century Italian offshoot, the lira da braccio; and the rebec. The violin is probably the best known and most widely distributed musical instrument in the world. [26 Related Articles]
- violin family
- (from the article "stringed instrument") The violin family at present comprises the violin, viola, violoncello, and double bass; it forms the backbone of the modern symphony orchestra. In addition, the violin and viola are widely used in the music of South India and North Africa, in modern Greek and Arab music, in European and American ...
- violino piccolo
- (from the article "stringed instrument") Johann Sebastian Bach, along with other composers, occasionally wrote for the small high-pitched instrument known as the violino piccolo; now and then his works also require the viola d'amore (a fretless hybrid shaped like a viol but sized and played like a viola with sympathetic strings) or ...
- Violle, Jules
- French physicist who at Mont Blanc in the French-Swiss Alps made the first high-altitude determination of the solar constant (1875). A graduate of the Ecole Normale Superieure at Paris, he taught at the University of Lyon (1883), then at the Ecole and, from 1891, at the Conservatoire des Arts et ...
- Viollet-le-Duc, Eugene-Emmanuel
- French Gothic Revival architect, restorer of French medieval buildings, and writer whose theories of rational architectural design linked the revivalism of the Romantic period to 20th-century Functionalism. [12 Related Articles]
- violoncello piccolo
- (from the article "stringed instrument") ...now and then his works also require the viola d'amore (a fretless hybrid shaped like a viol but sized and played like a viola with sympathetic strings) or the elusive violoncello piccolo (a small cello). These instruments have been in disuse for many years, except for historical ...
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