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Torstenson, Lennart ... Toubkal, Mount

Torstenson, Lennart Swedish field marshal and artillerist who transformed the use of field artillery, making it mobile to a previously unknown degree. He won important victories in the Thirty Years' War and in Sweden's war against Denmark (1643-45). tort in common law, civil law, and the vast majority of legal systems that derive from them, any instance of harmful behaviour, such as physical attack on one's person, interference with one's possessions, or the use and enjoyment of one's land, economic interests (under certain conditions), honour, reputation, and privacy. The ... torticollis abnormality in which the neck is in a twisted, bent position such that the head is pulled to one side and the chin points to the other. In infants the most common causes of torticollis include congenital shortening of muscles on one side of the neck, malposition of the fetus ... tortilla round, thin, flat bread of Mexico made from unleavened cornmeal or, less commonly, wheat flour. Traditionally the corn (maize) for tortillas was boiled with unslaked lime to soften the kernels and loosen the hulls. (This lime was the principal source of calcium in the Mexican diet.) The grains were ground ... Tortilla Flat novel by John Steinbeck, published in 1935. The first of his novels to be set in the Monterey peninsula of California, this episodic, humorous tale of the adventures of a group of pleasure-loving Mexican Americans contains some of Steinbeck's most interesting characters. The men drink, steal, chase women, make music, ... tortoise any member of the turtle family Testudinidae. Formerly, the term tortoise was used to refer to any terrestrial turtle. The testudinids are easily recognized because all share a unique hind-limb anatomy made up of elephantine (or cylindrical) hind limbs and hind feet; each digit in their forefeet and hind feet ... tortoise beetle any member of more than 3,000 beetle species that resemble a turtle because of the forward and sideways extensions of the body. Tortoise beetles range between 5 and 12 mm (less than 0.5 inch) in length, and the larvae are spiny. Both adults and larvae of some species are destructive ... tortoiseshell ornamental material obtained from the curved horny shields forming the shell of the hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata). The marbled, varicoloured pattern and deep translucence of the plates have long been valued for manufacture of jewelry and other items. Tortoiseshell was imported to Rome from Egypt, and in 17th-century France, tortoiseshell ... tortoiseshell ware earthenware with variegated, surface colour made in Staffordshire, England, in the 18th century. It was a subdivision of the "clouded" (agate) ware made about 1755-60 at Staffordshire, especially by Thomas Whieldon. The brown colour of the tortoiseshell ware is derived from manganese oxide. The different clouded effects were obtained by ... Tortola largest of the British Virgin Islands, part of the Lesser Antilles chain, which separates the Atlantic Ocean and Caribbean Sea. Its name is from the Spanish tortola ("turtle dove"). It lies about 60 miles (100 km) east of Puerto Rico. Tortola is composed of a long chain of steep hills ... Tortona town and episcopal see, Piemonte (Piedmont) regione, northwestern Italy, on the Scrivia River, east of the city of Alessandria. Founded by the Ligurians, it became a Roman colony in 148 BC. A Guelf stronghold in the Middle Ages, it was destroyed by the emperor Frederick I Barbarossa in 1155. It ... Tortonian Stage division of middle Miocene rocks, representing all rocks deposited worldwide during the Tortonian Age (11.6 million to 7.2 million years ago) of the Neogene Period (23 million to 2.6 million years ago). The stage is named for exposures in the region of Tortona, in the Italian Piedmont. The Tortonian and ... Tortosa city, Tarragona provincia (province), in the comunidad autonoma (autonomous community) of Catalonia, northeastern Spain, on the Ebro River, southwest of the city of Tarragona. Tortosa originated as the Dertosa of the Iberians; replanned by the Roman general Scipio Africanus, it was transformed into a municipium (town) by Julius Caesar and ... Tortue Island Caribbean island off the northern coast of Haiti opposite Port-de-Paix. European adventurers settled Tortue in 1629, in conjunction with trying to establish a foothold on the neighbouring island of Hispaniola (now comprising Haiti and the Dominican Republic). Known as filibusters and buccaneers, these "Brethren of the Coast" harassed Spanish shipping. ... torture the infliction of severe physical or mental pain or suffering for a purpose, such as extracting information, coercing a confession, or inflicting punishment. It is normally committed by a public official or other person exercising comparable power and authority. Although the effectiveness of torture has been defended by many throughout ... Torun city, one of two capitals (with Bydgoszcz) of Kujawsko-Pomorskie wojewodztwo (province), north-central Poland, on the Vistula River. A river port, rail and road junction, and cultural centre, it is the birthplace (1473) of the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (Mikolaj Kopernik) and the seat of Nicolaus Copernicus University (founded 1945), as well ... Torvalds, Linus Finnish computer scientist who was the principal force behind the development of the Linux operating system. Torvill and Dean English figure skaters who revolutionized the sport of ice dancing. At the 1984 Winter Olympics in Sarajevo, Yugos. (now in Bosnia and Herzegovina), Jayne Torvill (b. Oct. 7, 1957, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, Eng., ) and Christopher Dean (in full Christopher Colin Dean; b. July 27, 1958, Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, Eng., ) performed ... Tory, Geoffroy publisher, printer, author, orthographic reformer, and prolific engraver who was mainly responsible for the French Renaissance style of book decoration and who played a leading part in popularizing in France the roman letter as against the prevailing Gothic. His important publications include a number of "Books of Hours" and his ... Torzhok city, Tver oblast (region), western Russia, on the Tvertsa River, 37 miles (60 km) west of Tver. The first recorded mention of Torzhok dates from 1139. In the 14th century it became the centre of a small rural district in the Novgorod Feudal Republic, on the trade route between Novgorod ... Tosa Historic region of the Japanese island of Shikoku. It dates at least to the Heian period, when Ki no Tsurayuki (868?-945?), editor of Japan's first imperially commissioned poetry anthology, wrote a fictional diary drawing on his experiences as governor of Tosa. In 1571 it became a unified domain (han) whose ... Tosa Mitsunobu painter generally regarded as the founder of the Tosa school of Japanese painting. Tosa Mitsuoki Japanese painter of the early Edo period (1603-1867) who revived the Tosa school of painting (founded in the 15th century and devoted to the Yamato-e, or paintings specializing in subject matter and techniques derived from ancient Japanese art as opposed to schools influenced by Chinese art). Tosa school hereditary school of Japanese artists, consisting of members of the Tosa clan and other artists adopted into the clan, forming an official school contemporary with that of the Kano family. Both lineages claim descent from great 15th-century masters of Japanese art. The two schools lasted until the end of the ... tosafot (Hebrew: "additions"), critical remarks and notes on selective passages of the Talmud that were written mostly by unknown Jewish scholars in Germany, in Italy, and especially in France during the 12th to 14th century. Experts are undecided whether tosafot were meant to be direct commentaries on the two elements that ... Toscanini, Arturo Italian conductor, considered one of the great virtuoso conductors of the first half of the 20th century. Tosefta (Aramaic: Supplement, or Addition), a collection of oral traditions related to Jewish oral law. In form and content the Tosefta is quite similar to the Mishna, the first authoritative codification of such laws, which was given its final form early in the 3rd century AD by Judah ha-Nasi. Both the ... Tosh, Peter Jamaican singer-songwriter and a founding member of the Wailers, a popular reggae band of the 1960s and early 1970s. Toshiba Corporation major Japanese manufacturer of computers and electronic devices for consumers and industry. Headquarters are in Tokyo. Toshusai Sharaku one of the most original Japanese artists of the Ukiyo-e movement (paintings and prints of the "floating world"). Tosu city, Saga ken (prefecture), Kyushu, Japan, in the Tsukushi Plain, on the Chikugo River. It was a post town for centuries, connecting northern Kyushu and the Nagasaki area until the Edo (Tokugawa) period (1603-1867). Modern Tosu is a railway junction for the Kagoshima and Nagasaki lines. Because of its location, ... total internal reflection in physics, complete reflection of a ray of light within a medium such as water or glass from the surrounding surfaces back into the medium. The phenomenon occurs if the angle of incidence is greater than a certain limiting angle, called the critical angle. In general, total internal reflection takes ... Total Quality Control System for optimizing production based on ideas developed by Japanese industries from the 1950s on. The system, which blends Western and Eastern ideas, began with the concept of quality circles, in which groups of 10-20 workers were given responsibility for the quality of the products they produced. It gradually evolved ... Total Quality Management Management practices designed to improve the performance of organizational processes in business and industry. Based on concepts developed by statistician and management theorist W. Edwards Deming, TQM includes techniques for achieving efficiency, solving problems, imposing standardization and statistical control, and regulating design, housekeeping, and other aspects of business or production ... Total SA French oil company that ranks as one of the world's major petroleum corporations. It engages in the exploration, refining, transport, and marketing of petroleum and petrochemical products. The firm also pursues business interests in coal mining, nuclear energy, and alternative energy sources such as solar power and biomass. Headquarters are ... total war military conflict in which the contenders are willing to make any sacrifice in lives and other resources to obtain a complete victory, as distinguished from limited war. Throughout history, limitations on the scope of warfare have been more economic and social than political. Simple territorial aggrandizement has not, for the ... totalitarianism form of government that theoretically permits no individual freedom and that seeks to subordinate all aspects of the individual's life to the authority of the government. Italian dictator Benito Mussolini coined the term totalitario in the early 1920s to describe the new fascist state of Italy, which he further described ... totem pole carved and painted log, mounted vertically, constructed by the Indians of the Northwest Coast of the United States and Canada. There are seven principal kinds of totem pole: memorial, or heraldic, poles, erected when a house changes hands to commemorate the past owner and to identify the present one; grave ... totemism system of belief in which humans are said to have kinship or a mystical relationship with a spirit-being, such as an animal or plant. The entity, or totem, is thought to interact with a given kin group or an individual and to serve as their emblem or symbol. Totila Ostrogoth king who recovered most of central and southern Italy, which had been conquered by the Eastern Roman Empire in 540. Totnes town ("parish"), South Hams district, administrative and historic county of Devon, England, on the River Dart. Totnes dates from Saxon times and is listed in Domesday Book (1086). Its earliest charter is dated 1205, and it became a walled town commanding the lowest crossing of the river. The keep and ... Totnes, George Carew, earl of English soldier, administrator, and antiquary noted for his service in Ireland during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I of England. Toto Italian comic, most popular for his film characterization of an unsmiling but sympathetic bourgeois figure, likened by international film critics to the American film comic Buster Keaton. Totonac Middle American Indian population of east-central Mexico. Totonac culture is in many ways similar to other Middle American cultures, but it possesses certain features not seen elsewhere in Middle America and more likely related to the circum-Caribbean cultures. The Totonac inhabit two types of environment-high mesa, cool and rainy, and ... Totonicapan city, west-central Guatemala, at 8,200 feet (2,500 metres) above sea level. The city has a population composed largely of Quiche Maya. Before the European conquest, it was the second most important city of the Quiche Maya and served as headquarters of their chief Tecun Uman. In 1820 it was the ... Totowa borough (town), Passaic county, northeastern New Jersey, U.S., west of Paterson, on the west bank of the Passaic River. During the American Revolution, American troops were encamped here, and the nearby Theunis Dey Mansion (1740) was General George Washington's headquarters in 1780. Dutch scholars translated Totowa, or Totua, as "where ... Tottori ken (prefecture), western Honshu, Japan, along the Sea of Japan (East Sea). The coastal plain is bounded (south) by the Chugoku Range. The mountains, including Mount Dai, form part of Daisen-Oki National Park, and the coast is included in San-in-kaigan National Park. Tourists also visit the Tottori Sand Dunes, which ... Tou-liu town and seat of Yun-lin hsien (county), west-central Taiwan. It is located 85 miles (137 km) northeast of Kao-hsiung city in the middle of the western coastal plain. The town, which developed in the early 17th century, is a marketing centre for rice, sweet potatoes, peanuts (groundnuts), and fruits produced ... Touat oasis group, west-central Algeria. Situated along the Wadi Messaoud (called Wadi Saoura farther north), the Touat oases are strung beadlike in a northwest-southeast orientation west of the Plateau of Tademait. The area was brought under Islamic control in the 10th century AD. In modern times the mixed population of Arabs, ... Touba town, west-central Senegal. The town is the home of the Grand Mosquee of the Mourides (Muridiyyah), a large and influential Muslim sect in Senegal. The mosque, located at the heart of the town, is a large white structure with five minarets that houses the tomb of Amadou Bamba M'backe (d. ... Toubkal, Mount mountain peak that is the highest point (13,665 feet [4,165 metres]) in Morocco and in the Atlas Mountains. The peak is situated 40 miles (60 km) south of Marrakech in the High Atlas (Haut Atlas). Juniper forests covering the mountain's higher slopes are succeeded by alpine meadows, whereas the lower ...