| | - Painvin, Georges J.
- (from the article "cryptology") The great French cryptanalyst Georges J. Painvin succeeded in cryptanalyzing critical ADFGVX ciphers in 1918, with devastating effect for the German army in the battle for Paris.
- Paipai
- (from the article "northern Mexican Indian") The remnants of the Baja California Indians-the Tipai (Diegueno), Akwa'ala (Paipai), and Kiliwa-live in ranch clusters and other tiny settlements in the mountains near the American border. Speaking Yuman languages of Hokan stock, they are little different today from their relatives in American California. A small number of Cocopa in ...
- pair bonding
- (from the article "reproductive behaviour") Another factor that has an impact upon the complexity of displays is the length of time that the pair bond will endure. Brief relationships are usually, but not always, associated with rather simple courtship activity. In a number of insects, birds, and mammals, the males display on a common courtship ...
- pair hitch
- (from the article "dogsled racing") ...well as by fur trappers to travel between their traps. At first dogs were individually tethered to the sled in a fan hitch. This was ideal in open country, but, as the use of sled dogs expanded, the tandem hitch, for running dogs in pairs, became the standard. Sled dogs ...
- pair production
- in physics, formation or materialization of two electrons, one negative and the other positive (positron), from a pulse of electromagnetic energy traveling through matter, usually in the vicinity of an atomic nucleus. Pair production is a direct conversion of radiant energy to matter. It is one of the principal ways ... [6 Related Articles]
- pair system
- (from the article "numerals and numeral systems") It should not be inferred, however, that 10 is either the only possible base or the only one actually used. The pair system, in which the counting goes "one, two, two and one, two twos, two and two and one," and so on, is found among the ethnologically oldest tribes ...
- paired terrace
- (from the article "river") Terraces are most commonly classified on the basis of topographic relationships between their segments. Where terrace treads stand at the same elevation on both sides of the valley, they are called paired terraces. The surfaces of the paired relationship are presumed to be equivalent in age and part of the ...
- paired-associate learning
- (from the article "training, transfer of") The method of paired-associate learning, in which a person is asked to learn to associate one syllable or word with another (e.g., complete-hot, safe-green, wild-soft), encouraged the investigation of the influence of stimulus and response similarity on transfer ...
- pairing energy
- (from the article "chemical bonding") The essential feature of crystal field theory is that there is a competition between the magnitude of the CFSE and the pairing energy, which is the energy required to accommodate two electrons in one orbital. When the pairing energy is high compared with the CFSE, the lowest-energy electron configuration is ...
- pairs skating
- (from the article "figure skating") Pairs skating consists of a man and a woman performing jumps and spins in unison as well as such partnered elements as lifts, throw jumps, and death spirals. Good pairs skaters demonstrate symmetry and parallel flow across the ice. Unison elements are important in pairs skating. When the partners are ...
- Pais, Abraham
- Dutch-born American physicist and science historian (b. May 19, 1918, Amsterdam, Neth.-d. July 28, 2000, Copenhagen, Den.), was a prominent theoretical physicist who in later life wrote widely acclaimed biographies of Albert Einstein and Niels Bohr. Pais earned a Ph.D. in physics from the University of Amsterdam in 1941. A ... [2 Related Articles]
- Pais, El
- (Spanish: "The Country"), daily newspaper published in Madrid, an independent paper dedicated to the promotion of democratic ideals in post-Franco Spain. [1 Related Articles]
- Pais, Sidonio
- (from the article "Portugal") ...by Costa's oratory, partisan press, and political machine, the Democrats' regime was in turn overthrown by another bloody military coup (December 1917), led by the former minister to Germany, Major Sidonio Pais.
- Paisaci dialect
- (from the article "Indo-Aryan languages") ...works. The oldest poetic work in this is Vimala Suri's Paumacariya (c. 3rd century). Of other Prakrit dialects mentioned by grammarians, Paisaci (or Bhuta-Bhasa, both meaning "Language of Demons") is noteworthy; it is said to be the language of the original Brhatkatha of...
- Paisiello, Giovanni
- Neapolitan composer of operas admired for their robust realism and dramatic power.
- Paisiy of Khilendar
- (from the article "Balkans") ...intelligentsia. The creation and dissemination of a sense of national identity was usually the work of national apostles who pointed back to more glorious years. In Bulgaria, for example, the monk Paisiy of Khilendar chronicled the glories of the medieval tsars and saints. In the same way, Serbs were reminded ...
- Paisley
- large burgh (town) and an industrial centre, Renfrewshire council area and historic county, west-central Scotland, 7 miles (11 km) west of Glasgow. It is situated on the River White Cart, a tributary of the River Clyde. [1 Related Articles]
- paisley
- textile pattern characterized by colourful, curved abstract figures; it is named for the shawls manufactured at the town of Paisley, Scot. When, about 1800, patterned shawls made from the soft fleece of the Kashmir goat began to be imported to Britain from India, machine-woven equivalents were made at Paisley to ...
- Paisley Park Studios
- (from the article "Paisley Park Studios") Although Prince had moved to New York City in 1976, signed to Warner Brothers in 1978, and established his revolutionary working practices by 1980, it was not until his heyday in the mid-1980s that his impact was fully felt. Many of Prince's riffs and rhythms drew from funk's rich history-notably ...
- Paisley shawl
- (from the article "paisley") textile pattern characterized by colourful, curved abstract figures; it is named for the shawls manufactured at the town of Paisley, Scot. When, about 1800, patterned shawls made from the soft fleece of the Kashmir goat began to be imported to Britain from India, machine-woven equivalents were made at Paisley to ...
- Paisley, Ian
- militant Protestant leader in the sectarian conflict that divided Northern Ireland from the 1960s, who was first minister of Northern Ireland from May 2007 to June 2008. He also served as a member of the British Parliament (1970) and the European Parliament (1979-2004). [9 Related Articles]
- Paisley, Robert
- ("BOB"), British association football (soccer) player and manager who, at the time of his retirement in 1983, was the most successful team manager in the history of English soccer; between 1974, when he took command of the Liverpool Football Club, and 1983 he steered Liverpool to six League titles, three ...
- Paitishhahya
- (from the article "Gahanbar") ...are: Maidhyaoizaremaya (Midspring), occurring in the month of Artavahisht, 41 days after the New Year; 60 days later is Maidhyoishema (Midsummer), in the month of Tir; 75 days later, Paitishhahya (Harvest-time), in the month of Shatvairo; 30 days later, Ayathrima (possibly Time of Prosperity), in the month of Mitra; 80 ...
- Paiute
- either of two distinct North American Indian groups that speak languages of the Numic group of the Uto-Aztecan family. The Southern Paiute, who speak Ute, at one time occupied what are now southern Utah, northwestern Arizona, southern Nevada, and southeastern California, the latter group being known as the Chemehuevi. Although ... [7 Related Articles]
- Paiva, Afonso de
- (from the article "Covilha, Pero da") ...move may have resulted from reports received in 1486 in Benin (a kingdom on the west coast of Africa), referring to a great ruler far to the east. Pero was chosen for the mission to India, and Afonso de Paiva, a squire who spoke Arabic, was to seek Prester John ...
- Paiwan language
- (from the article "Austronesian languages") ...(though not all) of the languages can easily be determined by an inspection of such basic subsystems as personal pronouns or the numerals. The Table presents names for the numbers 1 to 10 in the Paiwan language of southeastern Taiwan, Cebuano Bisayan (Visayan) of the central Philippines, Javanese of western ...
- Paiwanic language
- (from the article "Formosan languages") The Formosan languages belong to the Austronesian family. They are diverse and fall into three major branches: Atayalic, Tsonic, and Paiwanic. The last is the largest and includes Ami, Bunun, Paiwan, and Saaroa.
- Paixhans, Henri-Joseph
- (from the article "naval ship") ...guns in warships' main batteries were preceded by bombs fired from mortars, small shell guns, and solid hot shot heated to cherry red. A principal architect in bringing big shell guns to sea was Henri-Joseph Paixhans, a general of French artillery. The first large shell guns from Paixhans' design, chambered ...
- paixiao
- Chinese bamboo panpipe, generally a series of bamboo tubes secured together by rows of bamboo strips, wooden strips, or ropes. The instrument is blown across the top end. Although 16 pipes have become the standard, other groupings (from 13 to 24) have been made. Before the Tang dynasty (AD 618-907) ... [1 Related Articles]
- paj ntaub
- (from the article "applique") ...Kuna Indians of Panama by the reverse-applique technique in which the upper layers of cloth are cut away and turned back to expose the lower layers. The intricate paj ntaub (Hmong: "flower cloth") made by Hmong women of Southeast Asia are delicate patterns executed in applique and ...
- pajamas
- loose, lightweight trousers first worn in the East, or a loose two-piece suit consisting of trousers and a shirt, made of silk, cotton, or synthetic material and worn for sleeping or lounging. [1 Related Articles]
- Pajarito Plateau
- (from the article "Los Alamos") city, seat (1949) of Los Alamos county, north-central New Mexico, U.S. It lies on the Pajarito Plateau (elevation 7,300 feet [2,225 metres]) of the Jemez Mountains, 35 miles (56 km) northwest of Santa Fe. The site was named Los Alamos (Spanish: "the cottonwoods") by Ashley Pond, founder of the Los ...
- Pajeu
- (from the article "Sao Francisco River") ...are navigable during periods of high water, but below Petrolina the river is impassable. The broken course-during which the Sao Francisco receives the Sao Pedro, Ipueira, and Pajeu rivers-culminates in the great Paulo Afonso Falls. At the top of the falls, the river divides suddenly and violently and cuts three ...
- paji
- (from the article "dress") Some of the basic elements of modern traditional dress in Korea, the chogori (jacket), paji (trousers), and turumagi (overcoat), were probably worn at a very early date, but the characteristic two-piece costume of today did not begin to evolve until the ...
- Pajon, Claude
- French Protestant theologian who was influential during the later Reformation.
- Pajou, Augustin
- French sculptor and decorator known mainly for his portrait busts of famous contemporaries, such as his patroness, Madame du Barry, and for directing the decoration of the Versailles opera house. [2 Related Articles]
- Pak Inno
- (from the article "Korean literature") Pak Inno, the master of kasa in the 17th century, wrote in a style that combined erudition and lyricism. He produced seven pieces between 1598 and 1636; the theme of his first two kasa was the Japanese invasion, during which he served in the navy. The desire to reevaluate the ...
- Pak Island
- (from the article "art and architecture, Oceanic") ...on Baluan made bird-shaped bowls, ladles, and spatulas; on Lou, obsidian was carved into great hemispheric bowls; on Rambutyo figures and anthropomorphic lime spatulas were common; and the people on Pak made beds (used nowhere else in Melanesia) and slit gongs. Although the Matankor were neither culturally nor linguistically homogeneous, ...
- Pak Kyongni
- South Korean poet and novelist garnered international acclaim for the 21-volume epic novel T'oji (1969-94; Land), in which she chronicled Korea's tumultuous history from 1897 to 1945. The novel, widely regarded as a masterpiece of Korean literature, took Pak more than 25 years to complete and won numerous honours, including ...
- Pak Nae-hyon
- (from the article "arts, East Asian") ...and No Su-hyon. After World War II traditional painting began to assume a modern mode of expression, as may be seen in the works of a group of radical painters such as Kim Ki-ch'ang, Pak Nae-hyon, and Pak No-su. All of these artists were highly trained in the traditional mediums ...
- Pak No-su
- (from the article "arts, East Asian") ...After World War II traditional painting began to assume a modern mode of expression, as may be seen in the works of a group of radical painters such as Kim Ki-ch'ang, Pak Nae-hyon, and Pak No-su. All of these artists were highly trained in the traditional mediums of ink and ...
- Pak Se Ri
- The Associated Press called her "the rookie sensation"; Time magazine hailed her as the "Tigress Woods" of golf; and the New York Times claimed she was the best product South Korea had ever exported to the U.S. In 1998 there seemed to be no superlative too great for Pak Se ... [1 Related Articles]
- Pak Tai
- (from the article "Thailand") The upper part of the southern-peninsula region, also called Pak Tai, has a distinctive identity linked to the historical role of towns such as Nakhon Si Thammarat, once known as Ligor. Because of the region's historical ties to the later Siamese kingdoms, the language and customs of the southern Thai ...
- Pak Tujin
- (from the article "Korean literature") ...witness to the events of their age; some sought to further assimilate traditional Korean values, while others drew variously on Western traditions to enrich their work. So Chongju and Pak Tujin are known for their lifelong dedication and contributions to modern Korean poetry. Considered to be the most "Korean" of ...
- Pake, George Edward
- American physicist (b. April 1, 1924, Jeffersonville, Ohio-d. March 4, 2004, Tucson, Ariz.), assembled (1970) a team of crack scientists and engineers for the Xerox Corp. at the newly established Palo Alto Research Center in California and oversaw its explorations into the emerging field of computer science. Under his leadership, ... [1 Related Articles]
- pakhavaj
- (from the article "mridanga") ...drum a definite pitch. The left head is usually tuned an octave lower than the right. The drum is held across the lap and played on both ends with the hands and fingers. A similar instrument, the pakhavaj, is played in North India.
- Pakhtunwali
- (from the article "Afghanistan") ...politics. In the absence of an effective central government, Afghan communities have their own social norms, but none so elaborate as Pashtun tribal law, known as Pashtunwali. With the advent of the Taliban, Islamic courts and an Islamic administration of justice through interpretation of the law by ...
- Pakian Viravong
- (from the article "Lao literature") ...decline in Lao social values. Major writers in Vientiane during this period include three children of Maha Sila Viravong, an important scholar of traditional Lao literature, history, and culture: Pakian Viravong, Duangdeuan Viravong, and Dara Viravong (pseudonyms Pa Nai, Dauk Ket, and Duang Champa, respectively). An equally important writer was ...
- Pakistan
- A magnitude-7.6 earthquake struck on Oct. 8, 2005, in Pakistan near the city of Muzaffarabad just west of the border between Pakistani- and Indian-administered Kashmir. The quake was one of the largest and most damaging in modern times; by mid-November the death toll in Pakistan alone exceeded 87,000. (See
- Pakistan
- populous and multiethnic country of South Asia. Pakistan has historically and culturally been associated with India. Since the two countries achieved independence in 1947, Pakistan has been distinguished from its larger southeastern neighbour by its overwhelmingly Muslim population (as opposed to the predominance of Hindus in India). Pakistan has struggled ... [107 Related Articles]
- Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority
- (from the article "Pakistan") ...radio and television traditionally have been used in an attempt to harness folk cultural traditions (especially in song, music, and drama) for political and nonpolitical purposes. In 2002 the Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA) was established to regulate and license privately owned radio, television, and satellite broadcasting facilities. Censorship, ...
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