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Jhansi ... Jim Crow law

Jhansi city, southwestern Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. The city, which is enclosed by a wall, expanded around a fort built in 1613 by the ruler of Orchha. The area fell to the Marathas in 1732 and was acquired by the British in 1853. A massacre of British officers and civilians ... Jharia town and coalfield in northern Jharkhand state, eastern India. The coalfield lies in the Damodar River valley and covers about 110 square miles (280 square km). The bituminous coal produced there is suitable for coke (most of India's coal comes from the Jharia and Raniganj fields in the valley). Jharkhand state of India, located in the northeastern part of the country. Jharkhand is bordered by the states of Bihar to the north, West Bengal to the east, Orissa to the south, Chhattisgarh to the west, and Uttar Pradesh to the northwest. Its capital is Ranchi. Jhelum town, Punjab province, northeastern Pakistan. The town lies just west of the Jhelum River (there bridged by both road and rail) and is connected by rail and the Grand Trunk Road with Peshawar and Lahore. The old town, across the river, may have been Bucephala, founded by Alexander the Great ... Jhelum River river, westernmost of the five rivers in the Punjab that merge with the Indus River in Pakistan. Jhering, Rudolf von German legal scholar, sometimes called the father of sociological jurisprudence. He developed a philosophy of social utilitarianism that, in emphasizing the needs of society, differed from the individualist approach of the English utilitarian philosopher Jeremy Bentham. Jhunjhunu city, northeastern Rajasthan state, northwestern India. It is a local trade centre for wool, cattle, hides, and gram (chickpeas). The city's major industries include a dye factory and woolen mills. Jhunjhunu houses the mausoleum of Qamar al-Din Shah, patron saint of the Kamkhani sect, as well as a 10th-century Jaina ... Ji Kang Chinese Daoist philosopher, alchemist, and poet who was one of the most important members of the free-spirited, heavy-drinking Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove, a coterie of poets and philosophers who scandalized Chinese society by their iconoclastic thoughts and actions. Ji'an city, west-central Jiangxi sheng (province), southeastern China. Ji'an is situated on the west bank of the Gan River, at the head of navigation for small steamboats from Nanchang. The city is a highway centre located on the north-south route up the Gan valley at the point where it is joined ... jia type of ancient Chinese vessel used for holding or heating wine and for pouring wine into the ground during a memorial ceremony. Jia Sidao Chinese statesman of the Nan (Southern) Song dynasty (1127-1279) who achieved great power over the throne after his sister became a concubine of the emperor Lizong (reigned 1224/25-1264). In charge of Mongol affairs, he followed a policy of placating these Central Asian tribes and has therefore traditionally been held responsible ... Jia Xian mathematician and astronomer active at the beginning of the greatest period of traditional Chinese mathematics. jiaguwen pictographic script found on oracle bones, it was widely used in divination in the Shang dynasty (c. 18th-12th century BC). Jiajing reign name (nianhao) of the 11th emperor of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644), whose long reign (1521-66/67) added a degree of stability to the government but whose neglect of official duties ushered in an era of misrule. Jialing River river in central China. A tributary of the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang), with the largest drainage area of the Yangtze basin, it rises in the rugged western outliers of the Qin (Tsinling) Mountains in southern Gansu province. It flows south and east into far western Shaanxi province, cuts through the ... Jiamusi city, northeastern Heilongjiang sheng (province), northeastern China. Jiamusi is situated on the lower reaches of the Sungari (Songhua) River and has good natural communications by river upstream to such cities as Harbin and Yilan, as well as with the Amur and Ussuri rivers during the summer months. jian type of ancient Chinese bronze vessel having a large, deep bowl with a heavy rim that is meant to contain water or ice. Jian ware dark brown or blackish Chinese stoneware made for domestic use chiefly during the Song dynasty (960-1279) and into the early 14th century. Jian ware was made in Fujian province, first in kilns at Jian'an and later at Jianyang. Jiang Kanghu Chinese scholar, teacher, and reformer who was a leading proponent of socialism in China in the early 20th century. Jiang Qing third wife of Chinese communist leader Mao Zedong and the most influential woman in the People's Republic of China for a while until her downfall in 1976, after Mao's death. As a member of the Gang of Four she was convicted in 1981 of "counter-revolutionary crimes" and imprisoned. Jiang Zemin Chinese official who was general secretary of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP; 1989-2002) and president of China (1993-2003). Jiangmen city in central Guangdong sheng (province), China. The city is situated on the west bank of the main channel of the Xi River, at the southwest corner of the Pearl (Zhu) River Delta, some 45 miles (70 km) from Guangzhou (Canton). It has excellent waterway communications and is the chief ... Jiangnan Arsenal in Shanghai, major Chinese centre during the 1860s and 1870s for the manufacture of modern arms and the study of Western technical literature and Western languages. It was opened in 1865 as part of China's Self-Strengthening movement. Begun as an ironworks base with machinery purchased from abroad, the arsenal was ... Jiangsu sheng (province) on the east coast of China. It is bounded by the Yellow Sea to the east, Shanghai municipality to the southeast, and by the provinces of Zhejiang to the south, Anhui to the west, and Shandong to the north. The provincial capital is Nanjing, which was the southern ... Jiangxi sheng (province) of southeast-central China. It is bounded by the provinces of Hubei and Anhui to the north, Zhejiang and Fujian to the east, Guangdong to the south, and Hunan to the west. On the map its shape resembles an inverted pear. The port of Jiujiang, some 430 miles (690 ... Jiangxi Soviet (1931-34), independent government established by the communist leader Mao Zedong and his comrade Zhu De in Jiangxi province in southeastern China. It was from this small state within a state that Mao gained the experience in guerrilla warfare and peasant organization that he later used to accomplish the communist conquest ... Jianwen reign name (nianhao) of the second emperor of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644), under whose brief reign (1398-1402) a civil war nearly destroyed the newly founded dynasty. Jiaozuo city, northern Henan sheng (province), China. It lies in the foothills at the southern end of the Taihang Mountains, to the west of Xinxiang, in a mining district. Jiaozuo was originally two villages under the administration of Xiuwu county. Exploitation of the villages' rich coal resources resulted in the establishment ... Jiaqing reign name (nianhao) of the fifth emperor of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911/12), during whose reign (1796-1820) a partial attempt was made to restore the flagging state of the empire. Jiaxing city, northern Zhejiang sheng (province), eastern China. Jiaxing is a communications centre in the southern Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) delta, situated to the southeast of Lake Tai on the Grand Canal, north of the port of Hangzhou and on the railway between Hangzhou and Shanghai. It is joined to the ... jib in sailing ships, triangular sail rigged to a stay extending from the foremast, or foretopmast, to the bowsprit or to a spar, the jibboom, that is an extension of the bowsprit. The jib is first known to have been used on one-masted vessels. Its use began to spread about 1600 ... Jibril in Islam, the archangel who acts as intermediary between God and man and as bearer of revelation to the prophets, most notably, to Muhammad. In biblical literature Gabriel is the counterpart to Jibril. jicama (species Pachyrhizus erosus, or P. tuberosus), leguminous vine native to Mexico and Central and South America, grown for its edible tuberous root. The plant's irregularly globular, brown-skinned tubers are white-fleshed, crisp, and juicy; some varieties (jicama de aqua) have clear juices, and some (jicama de leche) have milky juice. Both ... Jicaque Indians of the northwest coast of Honduras. Their culture is similar to that of the Sumo and Miskito of northeastern Nicaragua. The Jicaque are an agricultural people, growing sweet manioc (yuca), bitter manioc, beans, and corn (maize) as staples. Fishing and hunting provide other food; domesticated animals are now common. ... Jicarilla Apache North American Indian tribe living in the southwestern United States, one of several loosely organized autonomous bands of the Eastern Apache. Their traditional lands included parts of present-day Colorado, Oklahoma, and New Mexico. The Jicarilla lived in wickiups-dwellings made of reeds or grass applied to an elliptical frame-and spoke an ... Jiddah city and major port in central Hejaz region, western Saudi Arabia. It lies along the Red Sea west of Mecca. The principal importance of Jiddah in history is that it constituted the port of Mecca and was thus the site where the majority of Muslim pilgrims landed who were journeying ... Jien posthumous name Jichen learned Buddhist monk and poet who became the first great Japanese historian. Jifarah, al- coastal plain of northern Africa, on the Mediterranean coast of extreme northwestern Libya and of southeastern Tunisia. Roughly semicircular, it extends from Qabis (Gabes), Tunisia, to about 12 miles (20 km) east of Tripoli, Libya. Its maximum inland extent is approximately 80 miles (130 km), and its area of 14,300 ... jig folk dance, usually solo, that was popular in Scotland and northern England in the 16th and 17th centuries and in Ireland since the 18th century. It is an improvised dance performed with rapid footwork and a rigid torso. Jigawa state, northern Nigeria. It was created from the northeastern half of Kano state in 1991. Jigawa borders the Republic of Niger to the north and the Nigerian states of Yobe to the northeast, Bauchi to the southeast and south, Kano to the southwest, and Katsina to the northwest. The state ... Jigoku in Japanese Buddhism, hell, a region popularly believed to be composed of a number of hot and cold regions located under the Earth. Jigoku is ruled over by Emma-o, the Japanese lord of death, who judges the dead by consulting a register in which are entered all of their sins. ... jigs and fixtures Components of machine-tool installations, specially designed in each case to position the workpiece, hold it firmly in place, and guide the motion of the power tool (e.g., a punch press). Jigs can also be guides for tools or templates, as in the furniture industry. Special cramping jigs that ensure squareness ... jigsaw puzzle any set of varied, irregularly shaped pieces that, when properly assembled, form a picture or map. The puzzle is so named because the picture, originally attached to wood and later to paperboard, was cut into its pieces with a jigsaw, which cuts intricate lines and curves. Jigsaw puzzles may be ... jihad ("struggle," or "battle"), a religious duty imposed on Muslims to spread Islam by waging war; jihad has come to denote any conflict waged for principle or belief and is often translated to mean "holy war." Jihlava city, south-central Czech Republic. It lies in the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands, along the Jihlava River. From about 1240, its prosperity rested on its silver mines. A royal mint operated there from about 1260, and a codified town mining law (Ius Regale Montanorum) served as a model for other central European mining ... Jijel town and roadstead port, northeastern Algeria, on the Mediterranean seacoast and the western edge of the Collo Kabylie region. The city of Jijel, originally a Phoenician trading post, passed successively to the Romans (as Igilgili), the Arabs, and, in the 16th century, to the pirate Khayr al-Din (Barbarossa). It remained ... Jili, al- mystic whose doctrines of the "perfect man" became popular throughout the Islamic world. Jilin sheng (province) of the Northeast region of China (formerly called Manchuria). It borders Russia to the east, North Korea to the southeast, the Chinese provinces of Liaoning to the south and Heilongjiang to the north, and the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region to the west. The capital is Changchun, in the ... Jilin city, central Jilin province (sheng), northeastern China. It is a prefecture-level municipality (shi) whose territory was enlarged in the early 1970s to encompass the former Yongji prefecture. Situated on the left bank of the upper Sungari (Songhua) River, it lies among surrounding hills about 60 miles (100 km) east of ... Jim fictional character, an unschooled but honourable runaway slave in Huckleberry Finn (1884) by Mark Twain. Some critics charge Twain with having created a two-dimensional racist caricature, while others find Jim a complex, compassionate character. The relationship between Jim and Huck forms the crux of the novel, with Jim acting as ... Jim Crow law in U.S. history, any of the laws that enforced racial segregation in the South between the end of the formal Reconstruction period in 1877 and the beginning of a strong civil rights movement in the 1950s. Jim Crow was the name of a minstrel routine (actually Jump Jim Crow) performed ...