| | - Ibrahim Lodi
- last Afghan sultan of Delhi of the Lodi dynasty, a suspicious tyrant who increasingly alienated his nobles during his reign. [5 Related Articles]
- Ibrahim Muteferrika
- Ottoman diplomat known for his contributions to the 18th-century reform movement in the Ottoman Empire; he sponsored the introduction of printing into the Turkish domains.
- Ibrahim Pasa
- Ottoman grand vizier (1523-36) who played a decisive role in diplomatic and military events during the reign of Sultan Suleyman I (1520-66). [1 Related Articles]
- Ibrahim Pasa
- (from the article "Safiye Sultan") ...of the heir to the throne), and after 1595 as valide sultan, she wielded great influence at the Ottoman court. Among those who enjoyed her favour was the thrice grand vizier (chief minister) Ibrahim Pasa. During the years of her greatest influence, she is said to have been partial to ...
- Ibrahim Pasa
- (from the article "Nedim, Ahmed") The son of a judge, Nedim was brought up as a religious scholar and teacher and, winning the patronage of the grand vizier, Nevsheherli Ibrahim Pasa, received an appointment as a librarian. Later, he became the Sultan's close friend-thus his name Nedim, meaning Boon Companion. He lived during the Tulip ...
- Ibrahim Pasha
- viceroy (vali) of Egypt under Ottoman rule and a general of outstanding ability. [9 Related Articles]
- Ibrahim Pasha, mosque of
- (from the article "Hufuf, Al-") ...stables. The agricultural, veterinary, education, and management faculties of King Faysal University are located near Al-Hufuf. It is the site of the early 19th-century domed mosque of Ibrahim Pasha. To the west is Al-Ghawar, one of the world's largest oil fields. Pop. (2004 prelim.) 287,841.
- Ibrahim Qutb Shah
- (from the article "India") ...its intervention in Golconda politics through encouragement to the rebel Nayakas under Krishna Deva Raya and his successors ceased after the Talikota debacle in 1565. Consolidation was achieved by Ibrahim Qutb Shah (reigned 1550-80) and enhanced under Muhammad Quli early in the 17th century. A conciliatory policy toward the Nayakas, ...
- Ibrahim Sharqi
- (from the article "India") Meanwhile, the neighbouring kingdom of Jaunpur developed into a power equal to Delhi during the reign (1402-40) of Ibrahim Sharqi. Ibrahim's successor, Mahmud, conducted expansionist campaigns against Bengal and Orissa and, in 1452, initiated a conflict with the Lodi sultans of Delhi that lasted at least until the defeat and ...
- Ibrahim Zakiyul Kalbi
- (from the article "Katagum") town and traditional emirate, Bauchi State, northern Nigeria, on the north bank of the Jamaare River (a tributary of the Hadejia). It was the seat of an emirate founded c. 1809 by Ibrahim Zakiyul Kalbi (also known as Malam [Scholar] Zaki), a warrior in the Fulani jihad (holy war) who ...
- Ibrahim, Anwar bin
- In August 2008 veteran Malaysian politician and moderate Islamist Anwar bin Ibrahim, the main opposition leader, won election to Malaysia's parliament, a major step in the rehabilitation of his political career, which had been sullied by unsubstantiated charges of sodomy. Immediately following the landslide victory in his home district of ... [3 Related Articles]
- Ibrahim, Karam
- (from the article "Wrestling") In Greco-Roman competition, Russia claimed the unofficial team title with four medals, followed by Turkey and Kazakhstan with two each. The highlight was Egyptian Karam Ibrahim's victory in the 96-kg division. Ibrahim scored a 12-1 technical superiority win over Ramaz Nozadze of Georgia to give Egypt its first Olympic gold ...
- Ibrahim, Sun'Allah
- (from the article "Literature") ...books was Nawal Sa'dawi's Suqut al-imam (1987; The Fall of the Imam, 2002). The action came on the heels of a controversy after the writer Sun 'Allah Ibrahim had rejected the Egyptian Ministry of Culture's Arab novel award at presentation ceremonies on Oct. 22, 2003. As reasons for refusing the ...
- Ibrahim, Wadi
- (from the article "Mecca") Mecca is situated at an elevation of 909 feet (277 metres) above sea level in the dry beds of the Wadi Ibrahim and several of its short tributaries. It is surrounded by the Sirat Mountains, the peaks of which include Mount (Jabal) Ajyad, which rises to 1,332 feet, and Mount ...
- Ibrahimi, Ahmed Taleb
- (from the article "Algeria") ...was generally accepted as reflecting popular choice. In the run-up to the elections, the complex procedures for candidate registration were effectively used to exclude Bouteflika's major rival, Ahmed Taleb Ibrahimi, which thus also eliminated any chance of the emergence of a political vehicle for supporters of the banned Islamic Salvation ...
- Ibrow, Salim Aliyow
- (from the article "Somalia") ...under President Abdiqassim Salad Hassan was barely functioning in 2007; a new transitional government comprised President Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, assisted by Prime Ministers Ali Muhammad Ghedi, Salim Aliyow Ibrow (acting) from October 29, and, from November 24, Nur Hassan Hussein |
- Ibsen, Henrik
- major Norwegian playwright of the late 19th century who introduced to the European stage a new order of moral analysis that was placed against a severely realistic middle-class background and developed with economy of action, penetrating dialogue, and rigorous thought. [13 Related Articles]
- Ibshihi, Al-
- (from the article "encyclopaedia") ...al-a'sha ("The Dawn for the Blind"), that covered geography, political history, natural history, zoology, mineralogy, cosmography, and time measurement. Al-Ibshihi (1388-c. 1446) compiled a very individual encyclopaedia, the Mustatraf fi kull fann mustazraf ("A Quest for Attainment in...
- Ibuka, Masaru
- Japanese businessman (b. April 11, 1908, Nikko, Japan--d. Dec. 19, 1997, Tokyo), was the cofounder and leading engineer of the Sony Corp. His development of the tape recorder, transistor radio, and many other products put Sony at the forefront of technological innovation for more than three decades and made it ... [1 Related Articles]
- ibuprofen
- nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug used in the treatment of minor pain, fever, and inflammation. Like aspirin, ibuprofen works by inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins, body chemicals that sensitize nerve endings. The drug may irritate the gastrointestinal tract. Marketed under trade names such as Advil and Nuprin, ibuprofen is not recommended for ... [3 Related Articles]
- Ibuse Masuji
- Japanese novelist noted for sharp but sympathetic short portraits of the foibles of ordinary people. [2 Related Articles]
- Ibycus
- Greek lyric poet, one of the nine lyric poets in the official list, or canon, drawn up by the scholars of Alexandria in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC, who edited his work in seven books, or papyrus rolls.
- Ica
- (from the article "Native American art") Closely related to, and extending from, the Nazca work is the art of the Ica civilization (AD 1000-1500). These people produced fine textiles, the designs of which were often reproduced on the pottery of the area. The dry climate has also preserved a wealth of wood carving, much of it ...
- Ica
- city, southern Peru. It is located about 30 miles (48 km) from the Pacific Ocean and 170 miles (275 km) southeast of Lima in the extremely arid and intensively irrigated coastal valley of the Ica River. Ica lies within a wide expanse of high plains that border the Andean foothills ...
- Icadyptes salasi
- (from the article "Life Sciences") Two new fossil penguin species-a 1.5-m (5-ft) giant penguin, Icadyptes salasi, and a smaller species, Perudyptes devriesi-from Peru challenged traditional ideas about the role of climate change in penguin evolution. It had been suggested that penguins originated in high latitudes and migrated to equatorial regions after the climate had cooled ...
- Icahn, Carl C.
- (from the article "Trans World Airlines, Inc.") ...sold TWA to the public in 1984 in the course of defending itself against a threatened hostile takeover. By then TWA was experiencing financial troubles, and in late 1985 the American investor Carl C. Icahn acquired the airline. In 1986 TWA bought Ozark Air Lines, Inc., a carrier with routes ...
- ICANN
- nonprofit private organization incorporated in California on Sept. 18, 1998, and tasked with taking over from the U.S. government various administrative duties associated with running the Internet. ICANN's functions include overseeing the top-level domains (e.g., .com, .net, .org, .edu, .us), registering and maintaining the directory of domain names (e.g., www.britannica.com) ... [3 Related Articles]
- Icarian
- (from the article "Cabet, Etienne") ...Seeking to put his ideas into practice, he and several hundred followers landed in New Orleans in 1848 and 1849. He purchased the old Mormon settlement at Nauvoo and led 280 settlers there to start Icaria. The settlement was at best a compromise, for Cabet was unable to put many ...
- Icarius
- (from the article "Erigone") in Greek mythology, daughter of Icarius, the hero of the Attic deme (township) of Icaria. Her father, who had been taught by the god Dionysus to make wine, gave some to several shepherds, who became intoxicated. Their companions, thinking they had been poisoned, killed Icarius and buried him under a ...
- Icarosaurus
- (from the article "Triassic Period") Some of the earliest lizards may have been the first vertebrates to take to the air. Gliding lizards, such as the small Late Triassic Icarosaurus, are thought to have developed an airfoil from skin stretched between extended ribs, which would have allowed short glides similar to those made by present-day ...
- Icarus
- (from the article "Icarus") in Greek mythology, son of the inventor Daedalus who perished by flying too near the Sun with waxen wings. See Daedalus.association with DaedalusDaedalus...among other things, the paradi
- Icarus
- asteroid that has a more eccentric orbit and also approaches nearer the Sun (within 30 million km [19 million miles]) than does any other known body in the solar system except comets. It was discovered in 1949 by Walter Baade of the Hale Observatories (now Palomar Observatory), California. Its orbit ...
- Icaza, Jorge
- Ecuadorean novelist and playwright whose brutally realistic portrayals of the exploitation of his country's Indians brought him international recognition as a spokesman for the oppressed. [1 Related Articles]
- ice
- solid substance produced by the freezing of water vapour or liquid water. At temperatures below 0° C (32° F), water vapour develops into frost at ground level and snowflakes (each of which consists of a single ice crystal) in clouds. Below the same temperature, liquid water forms a solid, as, ... [32 Related Articles]
- ice age
- any geologic period during which thick ice sheets cover vast areas of land. Such periods of large-scale glaciation may last several million years and drastically reshape surface features of entire continents. A number of major ice ages have occurred throughout Earth history. The earliest known took place during Precambrian time ... [7 Related Articles]
- ice albedo feedback
- (from the article "global warming") Another important positive climate feedback is the so-called ice albedo feedback. This feedback arises from the simple fact that ice is more reflective (that is, has a higher albedo) than land or water surfaces. Therefore, as global ice cover decreases, the reflectivity of Earth's surface decreases, more incoming solar radiation ...
- ice bug
- any of approximately 25 species of rare and primitive insects found in the mountains of Japan, western North America, and eastern Siberia. A pale, wingless creature 15 to 30 mm (0.6 to 1.2 inches) long, it has biting mouthparts, long antennae, and small compound eyes. Grylloblattids usually live beneath rocks ... [3 Related Articles]
- ice cap
- (from the article "Water masses at the Earth's surface") ...and are treated here in terms of their sources: ice shelves with ice sheets, piedmont glaciers with mountain glaciers. A complex of mountain glaciers burying much of a mountain range is called an ice field.marine environmentsmarine ecosystemGeography, oceanography, and topographyThe ...
- ice cave
- cavity in ice or an underground cave that has permanent ice deposits. The two types of ice cave are wholly unrelated.
- ice colour
- (from the article "dye") ...of ingrain dyeing, whereby the dye is synthesized within the fabric (see above Dyeing techniques: Azo dyeing techniques). Since the process was done at ice temperature, some dyes were called ice colours. In 1912 it was found that 2-hydroxy-3-naphthanilide (Naphtol AS, from the German Naphtol Anilid Saure) forms ...
- ice core
- long cylinder of glacial ice recovered by drilling through glaciers in Greenland, Antarctica, and high mountains around the world. Scientists retrieve these cores to look for records of climate change over the last 100,000 years or more. Ice cores were begun in the 1960s to complement other climatological studies based ... [6 Related Articles]
- ice cream
- frozen dairy food made from cream or butterfat, milk, sugar, and flavourings. Frozen custard and French-type ice creams also contain eggs. Hundreds of flavours have been devised, the most popular being vanilla, chocolate, and strawberry. [1 Related Articles]
- ice crystal
- (from the article "Ice crystal shape and temperature at formation") ...falls below the dew point, upon which the air becomes supersaturated such that water vapour condenses onto cloud condensation nuclei or tiny water droplets (or deposits onto ice nuclei or tiny ice crystals). Condensation nuclei are composed of microscopic particles in the air. This process rapidly gives rise to droplets ...
- Ice Cube
- (from the article "gangsta rap") In Oakland, Too $hort had become a major regional force, and his profane and sexually explicit style influenced N.W.A. member Ice Cube's early writing. It was N.W.A.'s controversial album Straight Outta Compton, however, that shifted hip-hop's geographic centre. The most distinguishing characteristic of N.W.A.'s approach was the very plain way ...
- ice dam
- (from the article "ice in lakes and rivers") ...larger, deeper rivers, frazil produced in upstream reaches may be carried downstream and be transported beneath the fixed ice cover, where it may deposit and form large accumulations that are called hanging dams. Such deposits may be of great depth and may actually block large portions of the river's flow. ...
- ice dancing
- (from the article "Ice Skating") Russia scored another pair of Olympic gold medals when Tatyana Totmyanina and Maksim Marinin beat their rivals in the pairs competition, and Tatyana Navka and Roman Kostomarov were judged best in ice dancing. The U.S. team of Tanith Belbin and Ben Agosto won the ice-dancing silver medal.At the ...
- ice draft
- (from the article "sea ice") ...the edge. Together, the Beaufort Gyre and Transpolar Drift strongly influence the Arctic Ocean ice thickness distribution, which has been determined largely from submarine sonar measurements of the ice draft. Ice draft is a measurement of the ice thickness below the waterline and often serves as a close proxy for ...
- ice fishing
- (from the article "fishing") Ice fishing through holes cut in frozen lakes is particularly popular in the northeastern United States and the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Valley region of the U.S. and Canada. Equipment is commonly a three-foot rod with a simple reel or a cleatlike device to hold nonfreezing monofilament line and a tilt ...
- ice fog
- (from the article "Arctic") ...refinery and other plants in the Kola Peninsula. American scientists in Alaska have detected nickel particles in the air emanating from Norilsk. The unpleasant and unhealthy phenomenon known as ice fog-whereby particulate matter suspended in the lower atmosphere is trapped by temperature inversion, reducing visibility and creating luminous pillars and ...
- ice formation
- any mass of ice that occurs on the Earth's continents or surface waters. Such masses form wherever substantial amounts of liquid water freeze and remain in the solid state for some period of time. Familiar examples include glaciers, icebergs, sea ice, seasonally frozen ground, and ground ice associated with permafrost-i.e., ... [2 Related Articles]
- Ice Giant World
- (from the article "ice cave") ...where air currents deflect the freezing water. The splendid ice deposits formed in the lava caves of the northwestern United States are dwarfed by the limestone ice-cave systems of the Alps. The Eisriesenwelt ("Ice Giant World") in Austria exhibits a frozen landscape that extends 42 km (26.1 miles).
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