| | - Interlaken
- town, Bern canton, central Switzerland. It lies along the Aare River, in the Bernese Highlands. Its name is derived from its position on the flat plain (Bodeli), 1,864 feet (568 m) above sea level, between Lakes (inter lacus) Brienz to the east and Thun to the west. The town grew ... [1 Related Articles]
- interleukin
- any of a group of naturally occurring proteins that mediate communication between cells. Interleukins regulate cell growth, differentiation, and motility. They are particularly important in stimulating immune responses, such as inflammation. [1 Related Articles]
- interlibrary lending
- (from the article "library") The publication of bibliographies and library catalogs heightened awareness that no library could afford to be self-sufficient, and this awareness in turn stimulated interest in various forms of interlibrary cooperation. Cooperation probably originated informally, with readers referring to union catalogs to locate libraries that contained the books they wanted. One ...
- Interlingua
- simplified form of Latin intended for use as an international second language. Interlingua was originally developed in 1903 by the Italian mathematician Giuseppe Peano, but lack of clarity as to what parts of Latin were to be retained and what were to be discarded led to numerous "dialects" of Interlingua, ... [2 Related Articles]
- interlining
- (from the article "textile") Manufacturers of tailored garments formerly used interlinings made of horsehair, which was later replaced by goat hair and then by resin-treated viscose rayon. Today fusible interlinings and various washable synthetics are widely used. The performance of a garment is greatly influenced by such factors as the interlining used and the ...
- interlobar artery
- (from the article "renal capsule") ...vital tissue from injury. The number of elastic and smooth muscle fibres found in the capsule tends to increase with the individual's age. The capsule receives its blood supply ultimately from the interlobar arteries, small vessels that branch off from the main renal arteries; these vessels travel through the cortex ...
- interlobular artery
- (from the article "renal system") ...the medulla they split almost at right angles into branches called arcuate arteries that curve along between the cortex and the medulla parallel to the surface of the kidney. Many arteries, called interlobular arteries, branch off from the arcuate arteries and radiate out through the cortex to end in networks ...
- Interlochen
- unincorporated resort village, Grand Traverse county, northwestern Michigan, U.S., located in a fruit-growing region about 15 miles (25 km) south of Traverse City. The village (whose name means "between the lakes") was named for its location between Lake Wahbekaness (Ottawa for "water lingers," formerly Duck Lake) and Lake Wahbekanetta ("water ...
- Interlochen Arts Camp
- (from the article "Interlochen") Interlochen is best known as the home of the Interlochen Arts Camp. Originally a summer music camp only, it has expanded to offer programs in dance and visual and theatre arts. The music camp began as the state-sponsored Camp Interlochen, for girls, in 1918; a camp for boys was established ...
- interlocking
- (from the article "railroad") The first attempts at interlocking switches and signals were made in France in 1855 and in Britain in 1856. Interlocking at crossings and junctions prevents the displaying of a clear signal for one route when clearance has already been given to a train on a conflicting route. Route-setting or route-interlocking ...
- interlocking
- (from the article "African music") Interlocking techniques are a prominent feature of many instrumental styles in East and southeastern Africa. From regions in Tanzania and Mozambique come the ng'oma drumming of Gogo women and such log xylophone styles as the dimbila of the Makonde, the mangwilo of the Shirima, and the mangolongondo of the Yao ...
- interlocking
- (from the article "tapestry") The fourth treatment-interlocking-was introduced in the Gobelins factory in the 18th century. Here wefts of juxtaposed colour segments are looped through each other between the two warps that mark, respectively, the margin of each colour. This technique produces a continuous surface of even weight that was prized by the French ...
- interlocutor
- (from the article "minstrel show") ...performers were arranged in a semicircle, with the interlocutor in the centre and the end men-Mr. Tambo, who played the tambourine, and Mr. Bones, who rattled the bones-at the ends. The interlocutor, in whiteface, usually wore formal attire; the others, in blackface, wore gaudy swallow-tailed coats and striped trousers. The ...
- interlocutory decree
- generally, a judicial decision that is not final or that deals with a point other than the principal subject matter of the controversy at hand. An interlocutory decree of divorce in the United States or a decree nisi in England, for example, is a judicial decree pronouncing the divorce of ... [2 Related Articles]
- interlude
- in theatre, early form of English dramatic entertainment, sometimes considered to be the transition between medieval morality plays and Tudor dramas. Interludes were performed at court or at "great houses" by professional minstrels or amateurs at intervals between some other entertainment, such as a banquet, or preceding or following a ... [3 Related Articles]
- intermedi
- (from the article "theatre music") Renaissance theatre in Italy bred the intermedio, which consisted of songs and instrumental music added before or after the acts of a play. The words of the songs were generally relevant to the action of the drama, and this development-together with more extended musical settings in pastoral plays-became the direct ...
- intermediate ballistics
- (from the article "ballistics") ...It is divided into several disciplines. Internal and external ballistics, respectively, deal with the propulsion and the flight of projectiles. The transition between these two regimes is called intermediate ballistics. Terminal ballistics concerns the impact of projectiles; a separate category encompasses the wounding of personnel.
- intermediate earthquake
- (from the article "earthquake") Of the total energy released in earthquakes, 12 percent comes from intermediate earthquakes-that is, quakes with a focal depth ranging from about 60 to 300 km. About 3 percent of total energy comes from deeper earthquakes. The frequency of occurrence falls off rapidly with increasing focal depth in the intermediate ...
- intermediate filament
- (from the article "cell") Intermediate filaments are so named because they are thicker than actin filaments and thinner than microtubules or muscle myosin filaments. The subunits of intermediate filaments are elongated, not globular, and are associated in an antipolar manner. As a result, the overall filament has no polarity, and therefore no motor proteins ...
- intermediate frequency
- (from the article "superheterodyne reception") ...with a low-frequency current produced in the receiver, giving a beat (or heterodyne) frequency that is the difference between the original combining frequencies. This different frequency, called the intermediate frequency (IF), is beyond the audible range (hence the original term, supersonic heterodyne reception); it can be amplified with higher gain ...
- intermediate gastric gland
- (from the article "gastric gland") There are three types of gastric glands, distinguished from one another by location and type of secretion. The cardiac gastric glands are located at the very beginning of the stomach; the intermediate, or true, gastric glands in the central stomach areas; and the pyloric glands in the terminal stomach portion. ...
- intermediate haulage
- (from the article "coal mining") ...the surface, is a major factor in underground-mine efficiency. It can be considered in three stages: face or section haulage, which transfers the coal from the active working faces; intermediate or panel haulage, which transfers the coal onto the primary or main haulage; and the main haulage system, which removes ...
- intermediate host
- (from the article "community ecology") Parasites have evolved by three major evolutionary routes to alternate among two or more hosts. Some parasite species have evolved to alternate between their final host and an intermediate host, or vector, that transfers the parasite from one final host to another: the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum alternates between a ...
- intermediate lever
- (from the article "keyboard instrument") ...depressed. The lever, in turn, pushes upward on the hammer shaft near its pivot in a rail fixed above the keys. When the key is pressed completely down, the jack tilts and disengages itself from the intermediate lever, which then falls back, permitting the hammer to fall most of the ...
- intermediate nuclear force
- (from the article "international relations") ...movement, however, now officially patronized by the British Labour Party, the Greens in West Germany, and Dutch and Belgian social democrats, forced Reagan to link Pershing deployment with intermediate nuclear forces (INF) talks with the U.S.S.R. Reagan tried to seize the moral high ground with his "zero-option" proposal for complete ...
- intermediate Population II
- (from the article "Stellar populations") ...long-period variables were divided into different subgroups, such that those with periods of less than 250 days and of relatively early spectral type (earlier than M5e) were considered "intermediate Population II," whereas the longer period variables fell into the "older Population I" category. As dynamical properties were more thoroughly investigated, ...
- intermediate proofer
- (from the article "baking") ...To restore a flexible, pliable structure, the dough piece must be allowed to rest while fermentation proceeds. This is accomplished by letting the dough ball travel through an enclosed cabinet, the intermediate proofer, for several minutes. Physical changes, other than gas accumulation, occurring during this period are not yet understood, ...
- intermediate reactor
- (from the article "nuclear reactor") ...on how many collisions take place with heavier atoms before fission occurs, the typical fission-causing neutrons can have energies in the range of 0.5 electron volt to thousands of electron volts (intermediate reactors) or several hundred thousand electron volts (fast reactors). Such reactors require higher concentrations of fissile material to ...
- intermediate rock
- (from the article "felsic and mafic rocks") In a widely accepted silica-content classification scheme, rocks with more than 65 percent silica are called felsic; those with between 55 and 65 percent silica are intermediate; those with between 45 and 55 percent silica are mafic; and those with less than 45 percent are ultramafic. Compilations of many rock ...
- intermediate technology
- (from the article "Schumacher, Ernst Friedrich") German-born British economist who developed the concepts of "intermediate technology" and "small is beautiful."
- intermediate value theorem
- (from the article "Brouwer's fixed point theorem") When restricted to the one-dimensional case, Brouwer's theorem can be shown to be equivalent to the intermediate value theorem, which is a familiar result in calculus and states that if a continuous real-valued function f defined on the closed interval [−1, 1] satisfies f(−1) < 0 and f(1) > 0, then f(x) = 0...history of analysis
- intermediate vector boson
- (from the article "intermediate vector boson") type of boson associated with the electromagnetic and weak forces in unified form. See W particle.
discovery by RubbiaRubbia, Carlo...those previously observed and are direct analogues of electromagnetic interactions. The
- intermediate yellow fever
- (from the article "yellow fever") ...a monkey) to humans via any one of a number of forest-living mosquitoes (e.g., Haemagogus in South America, A. africanus in Africa); and (3) intermediate, or savannah, yellow fever, in which transmission is from animal to person and from person to person via a ...
- intermediate-density lipoprotein
- (from the article "Human plasma lipoproteins") The major classes of lipoproteins are chylomicrons, very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), and high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Disorders that affect lipid metabolism may be caused by defects in the structural proteins of lipoprotein particles, in the cell receptors that recognize the various types of lipoproteins, or in...
- intermediate-period comet
- (from the article "comet") ...their longest-period cutoff to 20 years. This leaves 135 short-period comets (new style) in the Catalog; the 20 others having periods between 20 and 200 years are called intermediate-period comets. These two new classes are separated by a small period gap. The average short-period comet has a ...
- intermediate-range ballistic missile
- (from the article "Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty") The INF Treaty defined intermediate-range ballistic missiles (IRBMs) and ground-launched cruise missiles (GLCMs) as those having ranges of 1,000 to 5,500 km (620 to 3,400 miles) and shorter-range ballistic missiles (SRBMs) as those having ranges from 500 to 1,000 km.missileTypesBallistic ...
- Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty
- nuclear-arms-control accord reached by the United States and the Soviet Union in 1987 in which those two nations agreed to eliminate their stocks of intermediate-range and shorter-range (or "medium-range") land-based missiles (which could carry nuclear warheads). It was the first arms-control treaty to abolish an entire category of weapon systems. ... [7 Related Articles]
- intermediate-term financing
- (from the article "business finance") Whereas short-term loans are repaid in a period of weeks or months, intermediate-term loans are scheduled for repayment in 1 to 15 years. Obligations due in 15 or more years are thought of as long-term debt. The major forms of intermediate-term financing include (1) term loans, (2) conditional sales contracts, ...
- intermembral index
- (from the article "primate") ...a continuum of change from a hindlimb-dominated gait to a forelimb-dominated one. The best single indicator of gait, one that has the added advantage of being strictly quantitative, is the intermembral index. Briefly, the index is a ratio expressed as percentage of arm length to leg length; an index over ...
- intermembranous ossification
- (from the article "bone formation") ...osteoid into this membrane to form a spongelike network of bony processes called trabeculae. The new bone formation radiates outward from ossification centres in the membrane. This process is called intermembranous ossification. There are several ossification centres in the skull. At birth, bone formation is incomplete, and soft spots can ...
- intermetallic compound
- any of a class of substances composed of definite proportions of two or more elemental metals, rather than continuously variable proportions (as in solid solutions). The crystal structures and the properties of intermetallic compounds often differ markedly from those of their constituents. In addition to the normal valences of their ... [1 Related Articles]
- intermezzo
- in music and theatre, an entertainment performed between the acts of a play; also a light instrumental composition. In the late 15th and 16th centuries, classical and contemporary plays were performed with intermezzi written by the finest composers of the time and consisting of solo songs, madrigals and other part-songs, ... [7 Related Articles]
- Interministerial Committee for Credit and Savings
- (from the article "Italy") ...a number of unique features, although its framework is similar to that of other European countries. The Bank of Italy is the central bank and the sole bank of issue. Monetary policy is vested in the Interministerial Committee for Credit and Savings, headed by the minister for the economy and ...
- intermittent
- (from the article "motion picture, history of the") ...for Edison as a supplier of films. Raff and Gammon persuaded Edison to buy the rights to a state-of-the-art projector, developed by Thomas Armat of Washington, D.C., which incorporated a superior intermittent movement mechanism and a loop-forming device (known as the Latham loop, after its earliest promoters, Grey and Otway ...
- intermittent printing
- (from the article "motion-picture technology") ...the raw stock. In continuous printing, the master film and the raw stock both run continuously. Continuous printing is usually contact printing but can be optical, through a projected slit. In intermittent, or step-by-step, printing, each frame of the master film is exposed as a whole to a corresponding frame ...
- intermittent projector
- (from the article "television") In the intermittent projector, which more nearly resembles the type used in theatre projection, each frame of film is momentarily held stationary in the projector while a brief flash of light is passed through it. The light (which passes simultaneously through all parts of the film frame) is focused on ...
- intermittent-combustion engine
- (from the article "internal-combustion engine") ...engines. The continuous-combustion engine is characterized by a steady flow of fuel and oxidizer into the engine. A stable flame is maintained within the engine (e.g., jet engine). The intermittent-combustion engine is characterized by periodic ignition of air and fuel and is commonly referred to as a reciprocating engine. Discrete ...
- Intermix Media
- (from the article "Murdoch, Rupert") ...Corporation, a major provider of long-distance telecommunications services in the United States. Murdoch subsequently looked to increase his company's Internet holdings, and in 2005 he bought Intermix Media, owner of MySpace.com, a social-networking site that had more than 30 million members. Two years later he made news with the announcement ...
- intermodal perception
- (from the article "space perception") ...of one another. Each modality by itself can produce consistent perception of the distances of objects. Ordinarily, however, the individual relies on the collaboration of all senses (so-called intermodal perception).
- intermodal transportation
- (from the article "railroad") ...largest. Concern to maximize payload capacity in relation to tare vehicle weight led in the century's last quarter to U.S. and European adoption of articulation for cars in certain uses, notably intermodal transport. In this system a car comprises several frames or bodies (usually not more than five), which, where ...
- intermodulation distortion
- (from the article "distortion") ...amplification or attenuation of the various frequency components of the signal, and phase distortion refers to changes in the phase relationships between harmonic components of a complex wave. Intermodulation distortion is a result of nonlinearities in the system such that one frequency component tends to modulate another frequency component-e.g., a ...
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