| | - indeterminism
- (from the article "determinism") Indeterminism, on the other hand, though not denying the influence of behavioral patterns and certain extrinsic forces on human actions, insists on the reality of free choice. Exponents of determinism strive to defend their theory as compatible with moral responsibility by saying, for example, that evil results of certain actions ...
- index
- (from the article "Poole, William Frederick") American bibliographer and library administrator whose indexing of periodicals became authoritative.encyclopaediasencyclopaediaIndexesUndoubtedly the major adjunct of the modern encyclopaedia is its index. As early as 1614 the bishop of Petina, Antonio Zara, included a type of index in his Anatomia ingeniorum ...
- index
- (from the article "stochastic process") ...example, in radioactive decay every atom is subject to a fixed probability of breaking down in any given time interval. More generally, a stochastic process refers to a family of random variables indexed against some other variable or set of variables. It is one of the most general objects of ...
- index
- (from the article "semiotics") ...and one of his major contributions to semiotics was the categorization of signs into three main types: (1) an icon, which resembles its referent (such as a road sign for falling rocks); (2) an index, which is associated with its referent (as smoke is a sign of fire); and (3) ...
- index fossil
- any animal or plant preserved in the rock record of the Earth that is characteristic of a particular span of geologic time or environment. A useful index fossil must be distinctive or easily recognizable, abundant, and have a wide geographic distribution and a short range through time. Index fossils are ... [9 Related Articles]
- Index Librorum Prohibitorum
- (Latin: "Index of Forbidden Books"), list of books once forbidden by Roman Catholic church authority as dangerous to the faith or morals of Roman Catholics. Publication of the list ceased in 1966, and it was relegated to the status of a historic document. [13 Related Articles]
- indexation
- in fiscal policy, a means of offsetting the effect of inflation or deflation on social security payments and taxes by measuring the "real value" of money from a fixed point of reference, usually a price index. Without indexing, recipients of social security benefits, for example, would suffer during times of ... [1 Related Articles]
- indexed-sequential file
- (from the article "computer science") ...can be either purely indexed, in which case the records need be in no particular order and every individual record must have an index entry that points to the record's location, or they can be "indexed-sequential." In this case a sort order of the records as well as of the ...
- indexing
- (from the article "plant disease") ...be done to restore its health. Control is accomplished by several methods, such as growing resistant species and varieties of plants or obtaining virus-free seed, cuttings, or plants as a result of indexing and certification programs. Indexing is a procedure to determine the presence or absence of viruses not readily ...
- India
- country that occupies the greater part of South Asia. It is a constitutional republic consisting of 28 states, each with a substantial degree of control over its own affairs; 6 less fully empowered union territories; and the Delhi national capital territory, which includes New Delhi, India's capital. With roughly one-sixth ... [264 Related Articles]
- India Act
- (from the article "Government of India Acts") ...entitled Government of India acts. The act of 1773, also known as the Regulating Act, set up a governor-general of Fort William in Bengal with supervisory powers over Madras and Bombay. Pitt's India Act (1784), named for the British prime minister William Pitt the Younger, established the dual system of ...
- India Bill
- (from the article "India") ...company's privileges ran out, but this was during the crisis of the American Revolution, so a decision was delayed until 1784. Charles James Fox's radical measure to transfer the control of British India to seven commissioners was defeated by the influence of King George III in the House of Lords, ...
- India ink
- black pigment in the form of sticks that are moistened before use in drawing and lettering, or the fluid ink consisting of this pigment finely suspended in a liquid medium, such as water, and a glutinous binder. The sticks or cakes consist of specially prepared lampblack, or carbon black, mixed ... [3 Related Articles]
- India padauk
- (from the article "narra") any of several timber trees of the genus Pterocarpus of the pea family (Fabaceae or Leguminosae). The name refers especially to P. indicus, or India padauk, or the hard wood, noted for its ability to take a high polish, that is derived from the trees. Narra wood is used for ...
- India rubber plant
- (species Ficus elastica), large tree in its native Southeast Asia and in other warm areas but a common indoor pot plant elsewhere. It has large, thick, oblong leaves, up to 30 cm (12 inches) long and figlike fruits in pairs along the branches. The milky sap, or latex, was once ... [2 Related Articles]
- India, flag of
- horizontally striped orange-white-green national flag with a 24-spoked blue chakra(wheel) in the centre. The flag's width-to-length ratio is 2 to 3.
- India, history of
- (from the article "India") The Indian subcontinent, the great landmass of South Asia, is the home of one of the world's oldest and most influential civilizations. In this article, the subcontinent, which for historical purposes is usually called simply "India," is understood to comprise the areas of not only the present-day Republic of India ...
- India, House of
- 15th-century Portuguese establishment that managed the trade in products from overseas colonies. It was called House of Guinea because it began by processing products from Guinea. Originally housed in a warehouse at Lagos in southern Portugal, it was reestablished in Lisbon with the death of Prince Henry the Navigator (1460). ...
- India, Survey of
- (from the article "Himalayas") ...emperor Akbar. In 1733 a French geographer, Jean-Baptiste Bourguignon d'Arville, compiled the first map of Tibet and the Himalayan range based on systematic exploration. In the mid-19th century the Survey of India organized a systematic program to measure correctly the heights of the Himalayan peaks. The Nepal and Uttarakhand peaks ...
- Indian
- (from the article "Pacific Islands") ...India to work the sugar plantations from 1879 under an indenture system that lasted until 1920. The government then turned its attention to matters concerning the education and health of the large Indian population of Fiji, but the increase in this population raised the difficult question of the native Fijians' ...
- Indian Act
- (from the article "Canada") In Canada the word Indian has a legal definition given in the Indian Act of 1876. People legally defined as Indians are known as status Indians. Indians who have chosen to give up their status rights or who have lost them through intermarriage with those of European ancestry are called ...
- Indian Adoption Project
- (from the article "Native American") ...institutionalized at residential schools and other facilities. This changed in the late 1950s, when the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs joined with the Child Welfare League of America in launching the Indian Adoption Project (IAP), the country's first large-scale transracial adoption program. The IAP eventually moved between 25 and 35 ...
- Indian Affairs, Bureau of
- (from the article "Alaska") The U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) assists Alaska's natives in achieving economic and social self-sufficiency. Despite a number of helpful programs, many of Alaska's natives suffer from unemployment, low income, and poverty. The native peoples were educated first by missionary groups, though by the time of statehood the BIA ...
- Indian Airlines
- the domestic and regional airline of India, founded in 1953. Whereas the airline Air-India provides a broader international service, Indian Airlines serves the Indian subcontinent-India, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar (Burma), and Sri Lanka. Headquarters are in New Dehli. [2 Related Articles]
- Indian almond
- (from the article "Terminalia") ...America; T. obovata, of the West Indies and South America; and T. superba, of West Africa yield woods used for cabinetwork, tools, and boat construction. T. catappa, the Indian, or tropical, almond, is commonly cultivated for ornament, particularly along streets in the tropics.
- Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, Department of
- (from the article "Northwest Territories") ...magistrate, and several justices of the peace. Law enforcement is carried out by the Royal Canadian Mounted Police. The federal government administers the territories' natural resources through the Department of Indian and Northern Affairs Canada.NunavutNunavutConstitutional frameworkNunavut elects one representative to ...
- Indian Appropriation Act
- (from the article "Native American") ...annual payments (annuities) comprising cash, livestock, supplies, and services. A second major treaty convention occurred at Fort Laramie in 1868, but treaty making ceased with the passage of the Indian Appropriation Act (1871), which declared that "hereafter no Indian nation or tribe" would be recognized "as an independent power with ...
- Indian Archaeological Survey
- (from the article "Marshall, Sir John Hubert") English director general of the Indian Archaeological Survey (1902-31) who in the 1920s was responsible for the large-scale excavations that revealed Harappa and Mohenjo-daro, the two largest cities of the previously unknown Indus Valley Civilization.
- Indian architecture
- (from the article "India") Architecture is perhaps India's greatest glory. Among the most renowned monuments are many cave temples hewn from rock (of which those at Ajanta and Ellora are most noteworthy); the Sun Temple at Konarak (Konarka); the vast temple complexes at Bhubaneshwar, Khajuraho, and Kanchipuram (Conjeeveram); such Mughal masterpieces as Humayun's tomb ...
- Indian Arts and Crafts Board
- (from the article "Native American art") Another surge of interest came with the enactment of the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, by means of which the Indian Arts and Crafts Board came into existence. Sparked by John Collier, then commissioner of Indian affairs, this body is one of the few governmental organizations set up specifically to ...
- Indian Association
- nationalist political group in India that favoured local self-government and served as a preparatory agent for the more truly national Indian National Congress. The association was founded in Bengal in 1876 by Surendranath Banerjea and Ananda Mohan Bose; it soon displaced the Indian League, which had been founded the year ... [1 Related Articles]
- Indian Battle Park
- (from the article "Lethbridge") A replica of Fort Whoop-Up (1860), once notorious for its whisky trade with the Indians, stands in Indian Battle Park; on the banks of the Oldman River, the park marks the site of the last great encounter (1870) between the Cree and the Blackfoot Indians prior to a peace treaty ...
- Indian Botanic Garden
- botanical garden in Calcutta, famous for its enormous collections of orchids, bamboos, palms, and plants of the screw pine genus (Pandanus). The garden covers more than 109 hectares (270 acres), on which about 1,700 plant species are cultivated. It was founded in 1787 by the East India Company, primarily for ... [1 Related Articles]
- Indian Child Welfare Act
- (from the article "adoption") ...that it was much better for children than life in an orphanage or in foster care. In the late 20th century the issue continued to be addressed in court rulings and legislation. In 1978 the federal Indian Child Welfare Act required that placements of Native American children living on reservations ...
- Indian Civil Service
- (from the article "British Empire") ...part of colonies and other dependencies whose predominant indigenous populations had no such experience. For them a variety of administrative techniques was tried, ranging from the sophisticated Indian Civil Service, with its largely effective adoption of native practices in civil law and administration, to the very loose and indirect supervision ...
- Indian Claims Commission
- (from the article "Native American") ...was cited by the Hualapai against the Santa Fe Railway, which in 1944 was required to relinquish about 500,000 acres (200,000 hectares) it thought it had been granted by the United States. A special Indian Claims Commission, created by an act of Congress on Aug. 13, 1946, received petitions for ...
- Indian Commissioners, Board of
- (from the article "United States") ...adoption of programs designed to prepare the Indians for ultimate assimilation into American society. In 1869 the reformers persuaded President Grant and Congress to establish a nonpolitical Board of Indian Commissioners to supervise the administration of relations between the government and the Indians. The board, however, encountered so much political ...
- Indian Councils Act
- (from the article "India") From 1858 to 1909 the government of India was an increasingly centralized paternal despotism and the world's largest imperial bureaucracy. The Indian Councils Act of 1861 transformed the viceroy's Executive Council into a miniature cabinet run on the portfolio system, and each of the five ordinary members was placed in ...
- Indian Councils Act
- (from the article "India") ...barometer and the beginnings of an advisory "safety valve" that provided the viceroy with early crisis warnings at the minimum possible risk of parliamentary-type opposition. The act of 1892 further expanded the council's permissible additional membership to 16, of whom 10 could be nonofficial, and increased their powers, though only ...
- Indian courser
- (from the article "courser") ...with their short wings. The best-known species is the cream-coloured courser (Cursorius cursor) of Africa, a pale-brown bird with white underparts, bold eye stripes, and black wing tips. The Indian courser (C. coromandelicus) is brown with a strong face pattern. The bronze-winged courser (Rhinoptilus chalcopterus), largest of several species in ...
- Indian crane
- (from the article "India") Other notable birds in India include the Indian crane, commonly known as the sarus (Grus antigone); a large gray bird with crimson legs, the sarus stands as tall as a human. Bustards inhabit India's grasslands. The great Indian bustard (Choriotis nigriceps), now confined to ...
- Indian Criminal Procedure Code
- (from the article "crime") Some Islamic countries of English and French colonial heritage adopted the procedure of the colonial countries that ruled them. For example, Pakistan, which originally inherited the Indian Criminal Procedure Code, adopted an adversarial system similar to that of England. Both sides in a trial present their oral arguments to an ...
- Indian cuisine
- (from the article "cuisine") ...and noodle regions. Throughout the Middle East and Mediterranean there is a common thread marking the use of lamb, olive oil, lemons, peppers, and rice. The vegetarianism practiced in much of India has made pulses such as chickpeas and lentils as important as wheat or rice. From India to Indonesia ...
- Indian currant
- (from the article "snowberry") ...with elliptical leaves, and a profusion of berries. The Chinese species, S. sinensis, has bluish black berries. Wolfberry (S. occidentalis), about 1.5 m tall, bears white berries. Indian currant, or coralberry (S. orbiculatus), more than 2 m tall, bears purplish berries. Creeping snowberry is a plant of the genus Gaultheria ...
- Indian dance
- (from the article "South Asian arts") Dance in India can be organized into three categories: classical, folk, and modern. Classical dance forms are among the best preserved and oldest practiced in the 20th century. The royal courts, the temples, and the guru to pupil teaching tradition have kept this art alive and unchanged. Folk dancing has ...
- Indian elephant
- (from the article "elephant") The Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) weighs about 5,500 kg and has a shoulder height of up to 3.5 metres. The Asian elephant includes three subspecies: the Indian, or mainland (E. m. indicus), the Sumatran (E. m. sumatranus), and the Sri Lankan (E. m. maximus). African elephants have much larger ears, ...
- Indian Equatorial Countercurrent
- (from the article "equatorial countercurrent") ...is very strong and is definable year-round. The Atlantic Equatorial Countercurrent is strongest off the coast of Ghana (Africa), where it is known as the Guinea Current. The countercurrent of the Indian Ocean flows only during the northern winter and only south of the equator.
- Indian Evidence Act
- act passed by the British Parliament in 1872 that set forth the rules of evidence admissible in Indian courts and that had far-reaching consequences for the traditional systems of caste government in India. Since ancient times, the way of resolving intracaste disputes had been by discussing the grievances in open ... [1 Related Articles]
- Indian Famine Code
- (from the article "famine") The British government wrote the first modern codification of responses to famine during its occupation of India. The highly detailed Indian Famine Code of 1883 classified situations of food scarcity according to a scale of intensity, and it laid out a series of steps that governments were obligated to take ...
- Indian field mouse
- (from the article "mouse") ...mouse, which can produce up to 14 litters per year (1 to 12 offspring per litter), there is little information about the reproductive biology of most species. In the deserts of India, the little Indian field mouse (M. booduga) bears from 1 to 13 young per litter ...
- Indian fig
- (from the article "Opuntia") ...South America. In the Northern Hemisphere it is the most northern-ranging cactus. The most cold-hardy forms are small, some with joints only 2.5-5 cm (1-2 inches) long. In contrast, O. ficus-indica (or O. megacantha), the commonly cultivated prickly pear of Mexico, is treelike, reaching 5 metres (16 feet), with a ...
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