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Gibbons, Grinling ... gift tax

Gibbons, Grinling British wood-carver known for his decorative woodwork and for much stone ornamentation at Blenheim and Hampton Court palaces and at St. Paul's Cathedral. Gibbons, James archbishop of Baltimore and second Roman Catholic cardinal of North America. Gibbons, Orlando organist and composer, one of the last great figures of the English polyphonic school. Gibbons, Stella English novelist and poet whose first novel, Cold Comfort Farm (1932), a burlesque of the rural novel, won for her in 1933 the Femina Vie Heureuse Prize and immediate fame. Gibbs, J. Willard theoretical physicist and chemist who was one of the greatest scientists in the United States in the 19th century. His application of thermodynamic theory converted a large part of physical chemistry from an empirical into a deductive science. Gibbs, James Scottish architect whose synthesis of Italian and English modes, exemplified in his church of St. Martin-in-the-Fields, London, set a standard for 18th-century British and American church architecture. Gibbs, Lance West Indian cricketer who was one of the most successful bowlers of the 1960s and the longtime record holder for most wickets taken in Test (international two-innings, five-day) matches. He is remembered as one of the most effective spin bowlers in the history of international cricket. Gibbs, William Francis naval architect and marine engineer who directed the mass production of U.S. cargo ships during World War II, designed the famous, standardized cargo-carrying Liberty ships, and made many improvements in ship design and construction, notably in the passenger liner "United States" (1952). Gibbs-Duhem equation thermodynamic relationship expressing changes in the chemical potential of a substance (or mixture of substances in a multicomponent system) in terms of changes in the temperature T and pressure P of the system. The chemical potential mu represents the Gibbs free energy per molecule of the substance (described by the ... gibbsite the mineral aluminum hydroxide [Al(OH)3] an important constituent of bauxite (q.v.) deposits, particularly those in the Western Hemisphere, where it occurs as white, glassy crystals, earthy masses, or crusts. In significant deposits it is of secondary origin, but small-scale hydrothermal sources are known. Under extreme weathering conditions, it may develop ... Gibeah ancient town of the Israelite tribe of Benjamin, located just north of Jerusalem. The site, severely denuded by wind and rain, was partly excavated by William F. Albright in 1922 and 1933. A summit fortress had originally been built in the Middle Bronze Age (c. 2000-1550 BC) and was reconstructed ... Gibeon important town of ancient Palestine, located northwest of Jerusalem. Its inhabitants submitted voluntarily to Joshua at the time of the Israelite conquest of Canaan (Josh. 9). Excavations undertaken in 1956 by a U.S. expedition revealed that the site had been occupied during parts of the Early and most of the ... Gibraltar British overseas territory occupying a narrow peninsula of Spain's southern Mediterranean coast, just northeast of the Strait of Gibraltar, on the east side of the Bay of Gibraltar (Bay of Algeciras), and directly south of the Spanish city of La Linea. It is 3 miles (5 km) long and 0.75 ... Gibraltar remains Neanderthal fossils and associated materials found at Gibraltar, on the southern tip of Spain. The Gibraltar limestone is riddled with natural caves, many of which were at times occupied by Neanderthals during the late Pleistocene Epoch (approximately 126,000 to 11,700 years ago). Gibraltar, Strait of channel connecting the Mediterranean Sea with the Atlantic Ocean, lying between southernmost Spain and northwesternmost Africa. It is 36 miles (58 km) long and narrows to 8 miles (13 km) in width between Point Marroqui (Spain) and Point Cires (Morocco). The strait's western extreme is 27 miles (43 km) wide ... Gibran, Khalil Lebanese American philosophical essayist, novelist, poet, and artist. Gibson Desert arid zone in the interior of Western Australia. The desert lies south of the Tropic of Capricorn between the Great Sandy Desert (north), the Great Victoria Desert (south), the Northern Territory border (east), and Lake Disappointment (west). The area now constitutes Gibson Desert Nature Reserve, and is a home to ... Gibson, Althea American tennis player who dominated women's competition in the late 1950s. She was the first black player to win the French (1956), Wimbledon (1957-58), and U.S. Open (1957-58) singles championships. Gibson, Bob American professional right-handed baseball pitcher, who was at his best in crucial games. In nine World Series appearances, he won seven games and lost two, and he posted an earned run average (ERA) of 1.92. Gibson, Charles Dana artist and illustrator, whose Gibson girl drawings delineated the American ideal of femininity at the turn of the century. Gibson, Edward U.S. astronaut who was science pilot for the Skylab 4 mission, which established a new manned spaceflight record of 84 days. Gibson, Eleanor J(ack) U.S. psychologist. She taught at Smith College (1931-49) and Cornell University (from 1949). In her major work, Principles of Perceptual Learning and Development (1969), she proposed that perceptual learning is a process of discovering how to transform previously overlooked potentials of sensory stimulation into effective information. In books such as ... Gibson, James J(erome) U.S. psychologist and philosopher. He taught at Smith College (1928-49) and Cornell University (1949-72). He is best known for his adherence to realism and his extensive experimental studies of visual perception explicating that view. In his first major work, The Perception of the Visual World (1950), he proposed that perception ... Gibson, John British Neoclassical sculptor who tried to revive the ancient Greek practice of tinting marble sculptures. Gibson, Josh American professional baseball catcher who was one of the most prodigious home run hitters in the game's history. Known as "the black Babe Ruth," Gibson is considered to be the greatest player who never played in the major leagues-owing to the unwritten rule (enforced until the year of his death) ... Gibson, Mel American-born Australian actor, who became an international star with a series of action-adventure films in the 1980s and later earned acclaim as a director and producer. Gibson, Wilfred Wilson British poet who drew his inspiration from the workaday life of ordinary provincial English families. Gibson, William American-Canadian writer of science fiction who was the leader of the genre's cyberpunk movement. Gibson, William Hamilton American illustrator, author, and naturalist whose well-received images reached a large audience through the popular magazines of his day. Gichtel, Johann Georg Protestant visionary and theosophist, who promoted the quasi-pantheistic teaching of the early 17th-century Lutheran mystic Jakob Bohme and compiled the first complete edition of Bohme's works (1682-83, 10 vol.). Alienated from orthodox Lutheran doctrine and worship by his ascetic tendency (with the accent on celibacy) and by his ambiguous mysticism ... Giddens, Anthony British political adviser and educator. Trained as a sociologist and social theorist, he lectured at universities in Europe, North America, and Australia before cofounding an academic publishing house, Polity Press, in 1985. In 1997 he became director of the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), a position he ... giddha traditional pastoral dance performed by women of the Punjab, India, and Pakistan at festival times and at the sowing and reaping of the harvest. Patterned on a circle, it is notable for the bodily grace of the women's movements (especially of the arms and hands) and for the charming melody ... Giddings, Franklin H. one of the scholars responsible for transforming American sociology from a branch of philosophy into a research science utilizing statistical and analytic methodology. Gide, Andre French writer, humanist, and moralist who received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1947. Gideon a judge and hero-liberator of Israel whose deeds are described in the Book of Judges. The author apparently juxtaposed two traditional accounts from his sources in order to emphasize Israel's monotheism and its duty to destroy idolatry. Accordingly, in one account Gideon led his clansmen of the tribe of Manasseh ... Gideons International organization of Protestant business and professional lay men that places copies of the Bible or New Testament in hotel rooms, hospitals, penal institutions, schools, and other locations. Organized by three travelling salesmen in Janesville, Wis., on July 1, 1899, the association began placing Bibles in November 1908. During World War ... Gielgud, Sir John English actor, producer, and director, who is considered one of the greatest performers of his generation on stage and screen, particularly as a Shakespearean actor. He was knighted in 1953 for services to the theatre. Gierek, Edward Communist Party organizer and leader in Poland, who served as first secretary from 1970 to 1980. Gierke, Otto Friedrich von legal philosopher who was a leader of the Germanist school of historical jurisprudence in opposition to the Romanist theoreticians of German law (e.g., Friedrich Karl von Savigny). An incomplete knowledge of his work led some advocates of a pluralistic, decentralized political system to claim him as their spokesman. Giers, Nikolay Karlovich statesman and foreign minister of Russia during the reign of Alexander III (ruled 1881-94). He guided Russia into a rapprochement with France and thereby formed the basis of the Russo-Franco-British alliance that fought against the Central Powers in World War I. Giesebrecht, Wilhelm von German historian, author of the first general history of medieval Germany based on modern critical methods, and a student of Leopold von Ranke. Gieseking, Walter German pianist acclaimed for his interpretations of works by Classical, Romantic, and early 20th-century composers. Giessen city, Hessen Land (state), west-central Germany. It lies on the Lahn River between the Westerwald and Vogelsberg (mountains), north of Frankfurt am Main. First mentioned in 1197, it was chartered in 1248 and sold to the landgraves of Hesse in 1267. It was part of independent Hesse-Marburg from 1567 until ... GIF digital file format devised in 1987 by the Internet service provider CompuServe as a means of reducing the size of images and short animations. Because GIF is a lossless data compression format, meaning that no information is lost in the compression, it quickly became a popular format for transmitting and ... Gifford, Edward W. American anthropologist, archaeologist, and student of California Indian ethnography who developed the University of California Museum of Anthropology, Berkeley, into a major U.S. collection. Gifford, William English satirical poet, classical scholar, and early editor of 17th-century English playwrights, best known as the first editor (1809-24) of the Tory Quarterly Review, founded to combat the liberalism of the Whig Edinburgh Review. Gifford owed his editorship to his connection with the statesman George Canning on The Anti-Jacobin (1797-98), ... Giffords, Gabrielle American Democratic politician who served in the U.S. House of Representatives (2007-12). In January 2011 she was the victim of an assassination attempt. gift in law, a present or thing bestowed gratuitously. The term is generally restricted to mean gratuitous transfers inter vivos (among the living) of real or personal property. A valid gift requires: (1) a competent donor; (2) an eligible donee; (3) an existing identifiable thing or interest; (4) an intention to ... gift exchange the transfer of goods or services that, although regarded as voluntary by the people involved, is part of the expected social behaviour. Gift exchange may be distinguished from other types of exchange in several respects: the first offering is made in a generous manner and there is no haggling between ... Gift of the Magi, The short story by O. Henry, published in the New York Sunday World in 1905 and then collected in The Four Million (1906). gift tax a levy imposed on gratuitous transfers of property-i.e., those made without compensation. Provisions for such taxes are common in national tax systems.