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brougham ... Brown, Jacob Jennings

brougham four-wheeled, one-horse carriage. As originally designed (c. 1838) by Henry (later Baron) Brougham, a former lord chancellor of England, it had a low coupe body, appearing as if the front were cut away, that enclosed one forward-facing seat for two passengers; a coachman's seat was attached to the front, where ... Brougham and Vaux, Henry Peter Brougham, 1st Baron lawyer, British Whig Party politician, reformer, and lord chancellor of England (1830-34); he was also a noted orator, wit, man of fashion, and an eccentric. Before and during his tenure as lord chancellor he sponsored numerous major legal reforms, and he took the lead in creating (1825-28) the University of ... Brougham, John Irish-born American author of more than 75 popular 19th-century plays, he was also a theatre manager and an actor who excelled in comic eccentric roles. Broughton, Jack third heavyweight boxing champion of England, formulator of the first set of boxing rules, and inventor of mufflers, the precursors of modern boxing gloves. Broughton, John Cam Hobhouse, Baron British politician and literary personage known as the alleged coiner of the phrase "His Majesty's Opposition" (implying the continued loyalty of a major party when out of power) and as a close friend of Lord Byron. On his advice, Byron's memoirs were destroyed (after the poet's death in 1824) by ... Broun, Heywood American journalist noted for liberal social and political opinions. Broussais, Francois-Joseph-Victor French physician whose advocacy of bleeding, leech treatments, and fasting dominated Parisian medical practice early in the 19th century. Brouwer's fixed point theorem in mathematics, a theorem of algebraic topology that was stated and proved in 1912 by the Dutch mathematician L.E.J. Brouwer. Inspired by earlier work of the French mathematician Henri Poincare, Brouwer investigated the behaviour of continuous functions (see continuity) mapping the ball of unit radius in n-dimensional Euclidean space into ... Brouwer, Adriaen Flemish genre painter who influenced artists in both Flanders and Holland. Brouwer, Dirk Dutch-born U.S. astronomer and geophysicist known for his achievements in celestial mechanics, especially for his pioneering application of high-speed digital computers. Brouwer, Luitzen Egbertus Jan Dutch mathematician who founded mathematical intuitionism (a doctrine that views the nature of mathematics as mental constructions governed by self-evident laws) and whose work completely transformed topology, the study of the most basic properties of geometric surfaces and configurations. Browder, Earl U.S. Communist Party leader for almost 25 years, until his split with official party doctrine after World War II. brown algae members of the class Phaeophyceae (division Chromophyta), comprising about 1,500 species, common in cold waters along continental coasts. Freshwater species are rare. Species colour varies from dark brown to olive green, depending upon the proportion of brown pigment (fucoxanthin) to green pigment (chlorophyll). Some brown seaweeds have gas-filled bladders (pneumatocysts), ... brown bat any of the bats belonging to the genera Myotis (little brown bats) or Eptesicus (big brown bats). Both are vesper bats, and both are widely distributed, being found in almost all parts of the world. Both genera are insectivorous. brown bear shaggy-haired bear (family Ursidae) native to Europe, Asia, and northwestern North America. More than 80 forms of the brown bear have been described; they are treated as several subspecies of Ursus arctos. North American brown bears are traditionally called grizzlies (see grizzly bear). brown coal broad and variable group of low-rank coals characterized by their brownish coloration and high (greater than 50 percent) moisture content. These coals typically include lignite and some subbituminous coals. In Great Britain and other countries, the term brown coal is used to describe those low-rank coals (lignite and subbituminous coal) ... brown dwarf astronomical object that is intermediate between a planet and a star. Brown dwarfs usually have a mass less than 0.075 that of the Sun, or roughly 75 times that of Jupiter. (This maximum mass is a little higher for objects with fewer heavy elements than the Sun.) Many astronomers draw ... brown four-eyed opossum the only large American marsupial (family Didelphidae, subfamily Didelphinae) that lacks a pouch. It gets its name from its brownish to yellowish fur colour and the creamy white spot above each eye. This opossum inhabits lowland tropical forests from southern Mexico to northeastern Argentina. Adults average 57 cm (22 inches) ... Brown Girl, Brownstones first novel by Paule Marshall, originally published in 1959. Somewhat autobiographical, this groundbreaking work describes the coming of age of Selina Boyce, a Caribbean American girl in New York City in the mid-20th century. Although the book did not gain widespread recognition until it was reprinted in 1981, it was ... brown pelican (Pelecanus occidentalis), pelican species common along the southern U.S. coast. See pelican. brown recluse venomous light tan or yellow spider most common in the western and southern United States. It has a body length of about 7 mm (0.25 inch) and a leg span of about 2.5 cm (1 inch). On the front half of its body (the cephalothorax), it has a dark violin-shaped ... brown snake any of several species of snakes named for their usual predominating colour. In New Guinea and Australia the name brown snake is applied to approximately 10 species of the genus Pseudonaja. These venomous snakes are slender, small-headed members of the cobra family, Elapidae. Brown snakes range from 40 cm to ... Brown Swiss cattle breed native to Switzerland and probably one of the oldest breeds in existence. While these cattle are classified as a dairy breed in the United States, they are often considered a dual-purpose breed elsewhere, as they are heavier boned and thicker fleshed than the cattle of the other dairy ... brown tree snake slender, poisonous, primarily arboreal snake of family Colubridae that is considered to be one of the most aggressive invasive species in the world. The brown tree snake is native only to the islands immediately west of Wallace's Line and to New Guinea and the northern and eastern coasts of Australia; ... brown trout prized and wary European game fish favoured for the table. The brown trout, which includes several varieties such as the Loch Leven trout of Great Britain, is of the family Salmonidae. It has been introduced to many other areas of the world and is recognized by the light-ringed black spots ... Brown University private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Providence, R.I., U.S., one of the Ivy League schools. It was first chartered in Warren, R.I., in 1764 as Rhode Island College, a Baptist institution for men. The school moved to Providence in 1770 and adopted its present name in 1804 in honour ... Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka case in which on May 17, 1954, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled unanimously (9-0) that racial segregation in public schools violated the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution, which prohibits the states from denying equal protection of the laws to any person within their jurisdictions. The decision declared that separate educational ... Brown, Alice American novelist, short-story writer, and biographer who gained some note as a writer of local colour. Brown, Alice Van Vechten art educator known for initiating art history programs in American colleges and universities. Brown, Bob Australian politician who served as a member of the Australian Senate (1996- ) and as leader of the Australian Greens (2005-12). Brown, Charles American blues singer of the late 1940s and early 1950s who was best known for his melodic ballads. Brown, Charles Brockden writer known as the "father of the American novel." His gothic romances in American settings were the first in a tradition adapted by two of the greatest early American authors, Edgar Allan Poe and Nathaniel Hawthorne. Brown called himself a "story-telling moralist." Although his writings exploit horror and terror, they ... Brown, Charlotte Emerson American clubwoman, a founder and the first president of the General Federation of Women's Clubs (GFWC). Brown, Chris American rhythm-and-blues (R&B) singer, songwriter, and actor whose melodic voice and skilled dancing propelled him to fame, though his success was sometimes overshadowed by his tumultuous personal life. Brown, Claude American author who wrote Manchild in the Promised Land (1965), a landmark work in African American literature that chronicled his poverty-stricken childhood in the Harlem district of New York City. Brown, Clifford American jazz trumpeter noted for lyricism, clarity of sound, and grace of technique. He was a principal figure in the hard-bop idiom. Brown, Dan American author who wrote well-researched novels that centred on secret organizations and had intricate plots. He was best known for The Da Vinci Code (2003). Brown, Earle one of the leading American composers of avant-garde music, best known for his development of graphic notation and the open-form system of composition. Brown, Ernest William British-born American mathematician and astronomer known for his theory of the motion of the Moon. Brown, Father fictional character, a priest who is the protagonist of a series of detective stories by G.K. Chesterton. The character was based on a priest whom Chesterton had met who had acquired a deep understanding of human evil by listening to confessions. Father Brown appears clumsy and naive, with a face ... Brown, Ford Madox English painter whose work is associated with that of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood, although he was never a member. Brown, George Canadian journalist and politician who was committed to federalism and to weakening the powers of the French Roman Catholic Church in Canada. As proprietor of The Globe (Toronto), he wielded considerable political influence in Canada West (Upper Canada, now Ontario), where his newspaper was extremely popular. Brown, George Harold American electrical engineer who made major contributions to the development of radio and television broadcast antennas. Brown, George Mackay Scottish writer who celebrated Orkneyan life and its ancient rhythms in verse, short stories, and novels. Brown, Gordon Scottish-born British Labour Party politician who served as chancellor of the Exchequer (1997-2007) and prime minister of the United Kingdom (2007-10). At the time of his elevation to prime minister, he had been the longest continuously serving chancellor of the Exchequer since the 1820s. Brown, Hallie Quinn American educator and elocutionist who pioneered in the movement for African American women's clubs in the United States. Brown, Harrison American geochemist known for his role in isolating plutonium for its use in the first atomic bombs and for his studies regarding meteorites and the Earth's origin. Brown, Helen Gurley American writer and editor whose upbeat, stylish publications, beginning in the mid-20th century, emphasized sexual and career independence and adventure for a large audience of young women. Brown, Henry Billings associate justice of the United States Supreme Court (1890-1906). Brown, Herbert Charles one of the leading American chemists of the 20th century. His seminal work on customized reducing agents and organoborane compounds in synthetic organic chemistry had a major impact on both academic and industrial chemical practice and led to his sharing the 1979 Nobel Prize for Chemistry with the German chemist ... Brown, Jacob Jennings U.S. general during the War of 1812, who was known as "the fighting Quaker."