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artemisia ... artillery

artemisia any of a genus (Artemisia) of aromatic herbs and shrubs in the Asteraceae family. Examples include wormwood, sagebrush, and tarragon. Many species are valued as ornamentals for their attractive silvery gray foliage, which is frequently used in horticultural plantings to create contrast or to smooth the transition between intense colors. ... Artemisia I queen of Halicarnassus, a Greek city in Caria, and of the nearby island of Cos in about 480. Artemisia II sister and wife of King Mausolus (reigned 377/376-353/352) of Caria, in southwestern Anatolia, and sole ruler for about three years after the king's death. She built for her husband, in his capital at Halicarnassus (modern Bodrum, Turkey), the tomb called the Mausoleum, which was considered one of the Seven Wonders ... artemisinin antimalarial drug derived from the sweet wormwood plant, Artemisia annua. Artemisinin is a sesquiterpene lactone (a compound made up of three isoprene units bound to cyclic organic esters) and is distilled from the dried leaves or flower clusters of A. annua. The antipyretic (fever-reducing) properties of the plant were first ... Artemisium, Battle of (480 BC), during the Greco-Persian Wars, a Persian naval victory over the Greeks in an engagement fought near Artemisium, a promontory on the north coast of Euboea. The Greek fleet held its own against the Persians in three days of fighting but withdrew southward when news came of the defeat ... Artemivsk city, eastern Ukraine, on the Bakhmut River. The town originated in the 17th century as a fort protecting the Russian frontiers against the Crimean Tatars. Peter I (the Great) established a salt industry there in 1701, but seven years later the fort was destroyed in the Bulavin revolt. It officially ... arteriosclerosis chronic disease characterized by abnormal thickening and hardening of the walls of arteries, with a resulting loss of elasticity. The major form of arteriosclerosis is atherosclerosis, in which plaques of fatty deposits, or atheromas, form on the inner walls of the arteries. See also atherosclerosis. arteriovenous fistula abnormal direct opening between an artery and a vein; it sometimes results from accidental penetration wounds or from vascular disease, or it may be congenital in origin. As a result of the defect, the arterial blood is passed to the venous side of the fistula, and the blood pressure in ... arteritis inflammation of an artery or arteries. Arteritis may occur in a number of diseases, including syphilis, tuberculosis, pancreatic disease, serum sickness (a reaction against a foreign protein), and lupus erythematosus (a systemic disease that has also been attributed to some form of immune reaction). artery in human physiology, any of the vessels that, with one exception, carry oxygenated blood and nourishment from the heart to the tissues of the body. The exception, the pulmonary artery, carries oxygen-depleted blood to the lungs for oxygenation and removal of excess carbon dioxide (see pulmonary circulation). Artesia city, Eddy county, southeastern New Mexico, U.S., near the Pecos River. It originated in 1890 as a stop (called Miller) on the old stagecoach route between Roswell and Carlsbad. As a livestock-shipping point on the Pecos Valley Southern Railway (completed 1894), it was known as Stegman. John Richey, a local ... artesian well well from which water flows under natural pressure without pumping. It is dug or drilled wherever a gently dipping, permeable rock layer (such as sandstone) receives water along its outcrop at a level higher than the level of the surface of the ground at the well site. At the outcrop ... Artevelde, Jacob van Flemish leader who played a leading role in the preliminary phase of the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453). Governing Ghent with other "captains" from 1338, he aligned the Flemings with King Edward III of England and against both France and the Count of Flanders. He maintained his position as chief captain ... Artful Dodger, The fictional character in Charles Dickens's novel Oliver Twist (1837-39). The Artful Dodger is a precocious streetwise boy who introduces the protagonist Oliver to the thief Fagin and his gang of children, who work as thieves and pickpockets. artha (Sanskrit: "wealth," or "property"), in Hinduism, the pursuit of wealth or material advantage, one of the four traditional aims in life. The sanction for artha rests on the assumption that-with the exclusion of the exceptional few who can proceed directly to the final aim of moksha, or spiritual release from ... Artha-shastra singularly important Indian manual on the art of politics, attributed to Kautilya (also known as Chanakya), who reportedly was chief minister to the emperor Chandragupta (c. 300 BCE), the founder of the Mauryan dynasty. Although it is unlikely that all of the text dates to such an early period, several ... arthapatti in Indian philosophy, the fifth of the five means of knowledge (pramana) by which one obtains accurate knowledge of the world. Arthapatti is knowledge arrived at by circumstantial implication. arthritis inflammation of the joints and its effects. In its acute form, arthritis is marked by pain, inflammation, redness, and swelling. There are three principal forms; see osteoarthritis; rheumatoid arthritis; septic arthritis. arthrodire any member of an order of extinct, armoured, jawed fishes (placoderms) found in Devonian freshwater and marine deposits. (The Devonian period lasted from 416 million to 359 million years ago.) Early arthrodires, such as the genus Arctolepis, were well-armoured fishes with flattened bodies. They had hollow, backward-curved shoulder spines and ... arthropod any member of the phylum Arthropoda, the largest phylum in the animal kingdom, which includes such familiar forms as lobsters, crabs, spiders, mites, insects, centipedes, and millipedes. About 84 percent of all known species of animals are members of this phylum. Arthropods are represented in every habitat on Earth and ... Arthur village, Douglas and Moultrie counties, east-central Illinois, U.S. It lies about 30 miles (50 km) southwest of Champaign. Founded in 1873 as a railroad switching point, it was originally called Glasgow but was soon renamed for a brother of Robert Hervey, president of the Paris and Decatur Railroad. Members of ... Arthur legendary British king who appears in a cycle of medieval romances (known as the matter of Britain) as the sovereign of a knightly fellowship of the Round Table. It is not certain how or where (in Wales or in those parts of northern Britain inhabited by Brythonic-speaking Celts) these legends ... Arthur I duke of Brittany, a grandson of King Henry II of England; he was a rival of his uncle John (king of England from 1199) for several French provinces, both in his own interest and in that of King Philip II Augustus of France. Arthur II duke of Brittany (1305-12), son of John II and Beatrice of England. Arthur Kill Bridge steel vertical-lift bridge, completed in 1959, spanning the Arthur Kill (channel) between Elizabeth, N.J., and Staten Island, N.Y. The movable section, suspended from two 215-foot- (66-metre-) high towers, is 558 feet (170 m) long and can be raised 135 feet (41 m) above the water to allow ships to pass ... Arthur M. Sackler Gallery Smithsonian Institution museum located on the Mall in Washington, D.C., noted for its collection of Asian art. Arthur Pass road through the Southern Alps, west-central South Island, New Zealand. At an elevation of 3,018 feet (920 metres), it is the lowest pass and the only crossing for motor traffic between the Haast and Lewis passes. It crosses a mountain ridge between peaks 6,000 feet (1,800 metres) high. The pass ... Arthur, Chester A. 21st president of the United States. Elected vice president on the Republican ticket of 1880, Arthur acceded to the presidency upon the assassination of President James A. Garfield. As president, he confounded his critics and dismayed many of his friends among the Stalwart faction of the Republican Party by supporting ... Arthur, Ellen wife of Chester A. Arthur, 21st president of the United States. She never served as first lady because she died of pneumonia before her husband assumed office. The president's sister, Mary Arthur McElroy, acted as White House hostess. Arthur, J.C. American botanist who discovered basic facts about the parasitic fungi known as rusts. Arthur, Jean American film actress known for her cracked, throaty voice, which accentuated her charm and intelligence in a series of successful comedies. Arthur, Owen Barbadian politician who served as prime minister (1994-2008) of Barbados. His economic policies significantly cut unemployment and won his party near-total control of the House of Assembly. Arthur, Sir George, 1st Baronet colonial administrator who was governor of Van Diemen's Land (now Tasmania) from 1825 to 1836. His efforts to expand the island's economy were remarkably successful. Arthurian legend the body of stories and medieval romances, known as the matter of Britain, centring on the legendary king Arthur. Medieval writers, especially the French, variously treated stories of Arthur's birth, the adventures of his knights, and the adulterous love between his knight Sir Lancelot and his queen, Guinevere. This last ... Arthus phenomenon local swelling, redness, and tissue death following skin injection of soluble antigen into a subject previously immunized by a series of similar injections. The tissue damage is a result of the precipitation of antigen-antibody complexes in the walls of the blood vessels; the deposits are then ingested (phagocytosed) by neutrophilic ... arti in Hindu and Jain rites, the waving of lighted lamps before an image of a god or a person to be honoured. In performing the rite, the worshiper circles the lamp three times in a clockwise direction while chanting a prayer or singing a hymn. Arti is one of the ... Artibonite River river, the longest on the island of Hispaniola. It rises in the Cordillera Central (Cibao Mountains) of the Dominican Republic and flows southwest along the border with Haiti and then west and northwest into Haiti and through the fertile Artibonite Plain to enter the Gulf of La Gonave after a ... artichoke large, coarse, herbaceous, thistlelike perennial plant (Cynara scolymus) of the Asteraceae family. The thick edible scales and bottom parts of the immature flower heads are a culinary delicacy. The bottom part of the immature flower head is called a heart. Articles of Schwabach early Lutheran confession of faith, written in 1529 by Martin Luther and other Wittenberg theologians and incorporated into the Augsburg Confession by Philipp Melanchthon in 1530. It was prepared at the request of John the Steadfast, elector of Saxony, to provide a unifying document for the various Reformers and the ... articulation in phonetics, a configuration of the vocal tract (the larynx and the pharyngeal, oral, and nasal cavities) resulting from the positioning of the mobile organs of the vocal tract (e.g., tongue) relative to other parts of the vocal tract that may be rigid (e.g., hard palate). This configuration modifies an ... artificial heart device that maintains blood circulation and oxygenation in the human body for varying periods of time. The two main types of artificial hearts are the heart-lung machine and the mechanical heart. artificial insemination the introduction of semen into the vagina or cervix of a female by any method other than sexual intercourse. The procedure is widely used in animal breeding and is used in humans when a male is sterile or impotent or when a couple suffers from unexplained infertility (when the cause ... artificial intelligence the ability of a digital computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings. The term is frequently applied to the project of developing systems endowed with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason, discover meaning, generalize, or learn from past experience. ... artificial intelligence programming language a computer language developed expressly for implementing artificial intelligence (AI) research. In the course of their work on the Logic Theorist and GPS, two early AI programs, Allen Newell and J. Clifford Shaw of the Rand Corporation and Herbert Simon of Carnegie Mellon University developed their Information Processing Language (IPL), ... artificial intelligence, situated approach method of achieving artificial intelligence (AI). Traditional AI has by and large attempted to build disembodied intelligences whose only interaction with the world has been indirect (CYC, for example). Nouvelle AI, on the other hand, attempts to build embodied intelligences situated in the real world-a method that has come to ... artificial life computer simulation of life, often used to study essential properties of living systems (such as evolution and adaptive behaviour). Artificial life became a recognized discipline in the 1980s, in part through the impetus of American computer scientist Christopher Langton, who named the field and in 1987 organized the first International ... artificial organ any machine, device, or other material that is used to replace the functions of a faulty or missing organ or other part of the human body. Artificial organs include the artificial heart and pacemaker (qq.v.), the use of dialysis (q.v.) to perform kidney functions, and the use of artificial substitutes ... artificial respiration breathing induced by some manipulative technique when natural respiration has ceased or is faltering. Such techniques, if applied quickly and properly, can prevent some deaths from drowning, choking, strangulation, suffocation, carbon monoxide poisoning, and electric shock. Resuscitation by inducing artificial respiration consists chiefly of two actions: (1) establishing and maintaining ... Artigas city and river port, northwestern Uruguay. The city lies along the Cuareim River (Quarai River in Brazil) across from Quarai, Brazil, in the Santa Ana Hills (Santana Hills in Brazil). It was founded in 1852 as San Eugenio and was renamed in honour of Jose Gervasio Artigas, the national hero ... Artigas, Jose Gervasio soldier and revolutionary leader who is regarded as the father of Uruguayan independence, although that goal was not attained until several years after he had been forced into exile. artillery in military science, crew-served big guns, howitzers, or mortars having a calibre greater than that of small arms, or infantry weapons. Rocket launchers are also commonly categorized as artillery, since rockets perform much the same function as artillery projectiles, but the term artillery is more properly limited to large gun-type ...