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Argelander, Friedrich Wilhelm August ... Arguello, Alexis

Argelander, Friedrich Wilhelm August German astronomer who established the study of variable stars as an independent branch of astronomy and is renowned for his great catalog listing the positions and magnitudes of 324,188 stars. He studied at the University of Konigsberg, Prussia, where he was a pupil and later the successor of German astronomer ... Argens, Jean-Baptiste de Boyer, marquis d' French writer who helped disseminate the skeptical ideas of the Enlightenment by addressing his polemical writings on philosophy, religion, and history to a popular readership. Argens's writings simplified the unorthodox empirical reasoning of such Philosophes as Pierre Bayle, Bernard de Fontenelle, and Voltaire; the latter considered him an ally. Argenson, Rene-Louis de Voyer de Paulmy, marquis d' French minister of foreign affairs under King Louis XV from 1744 to 1747. The son of a lawyer, he received legal training and, from 1720 to 1724, served as intendant (royal agent) in Hainaut. As patron of the Club de l'Entresol in Paris, he discussed the political concepts of the ... Argenta town, Emilia-Romagna region, northeastern Italy, on the Fiume (river) Reno, southeast of Ferrara city. It has some fine medieval and Renaissance buildings, including the churches of S. Domenico and S. Francesco, and a notable picture gallery. The town was flooded by the German forces during World War II. It is ... argentaffin cell one of the round or partly flattened cells occurring in the lining tissue of the digestive tract and containing granules thought to be of secretory function. These epithelial cells, though common throughout the digestive tract, are most concentrated in the small intestine and appendix. The cells locate randomly within the ... Argentan lace lace produced in Normandy from the 17th century. The town of Argentan lies in the same lace-making area of Normandy as Alencon, and its products were for some time referred to as Alencon lace. However, technical differences, particularly in the background mesh, were distinguishable by 1724: in Argentan lace each ... Argenteuil town, Val-d'Oise departement, Ile-de-France region, northern France. It lies along the north bank of the Seine River, northwest of Paris. The town's name comes from silver (argent) deposits exploited there by the Gauls. Argenteuil grew up around a convent that was founded there in the 7th century and of which ... Argentia village, southeastern Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. The village is situated along the west coast of the Avalon Peninsula just to the north of the town of Placentia and overlooks Placentia Bay. Argentina: Year in Review 1994 The federal republic of Argentina occupies the eastern section of the Southern Cone of South America, along the Atlantic Ocean. Area: 2,780,400 sq km (1,073,518 sq mi). Pop. (1993 est.): 33,507,000. Cap.: Buenos Aires. Monetary unit: peso, with (Oct. 4, 1993) an official rate of 1 peso to U.S. $1 ... Argentina: Year in Review 1995 The federal republic of Argentina occupies the eastern section of the Southern Cone of South America, along the Atlantic Ocean. Area: 2,780,400 sq km (1,073,518 sq mi). Pop. (1994 est.): 33,880,000. Cap.: Buenos Aires. Monetary unit: peso, with (Oct. 7, 1994) an official (pegged) rate of 1 peso to U.S. ... Argentina: Year in Review 1996 The federal republic of Argentina occupies the eastern section of the Southern Cone of South America, along the Atlantic Ocean. Area: 2,780,400 sq km (1,073,518 sq mi). Pop. (1995 est.): 34,587,000. Cap.: Buenos Aires. Monetary unit: peso, with (Oct. 6, 1995) an official (pegged) rate of A1 to U.S. $1 ... Argentina: Year in Review 1997 The federal republic of Argentina occupies the eastern section of the Southern Cone of South America, along the Atlantic Ocean. Area: 2,780,400 sq km (1,073,518 sq mi). Pop. (1996 est.): 34,995,000. Cap.: Buenos Aires. Monetary unit: peso, with (Oct. 11, 1996) an official (pegged) rate of A1 to U.S. $1 ... Argentina: Year in Review 1998 Area: 2,780,092 sq km (1,073,400 sq mi) Argentina: Year in Review 1999 Area: 2,780,092 sq km (1,073,400 sq mi) Argentina: Year in Review 2000 Carlos Menem's 10-year tenure as Argentine president ended on Dec. 10, 1999. Menem was constitutionally prohibited from seeking reelection; nevertheless, he spent the first half of 1999 attempting to clear the constitutional and political obstacles preventing him from seeking a third term. Menem was driven primarily by a desire to ... Argentina: Year in Review 2001 On Dec. 10, 1999, Fernando de la Rua assumed office as president of Argentina, marking the end of Carlos Saul Menem's 10-year tenure. The Alliance (composed of de la Rua's Radical Civic Union [UCR], the Front for a Country in Solidarity [Frepaso], and several smaller parties) held a plurality of ... Argentina: Year in Review 2002 In 2001 the Argentine recession entered its fourth year, with the embattled government of Pres. Fernando de la Rua under mounting political and social pressure. The country's gross domestic product shrank by 3%; consumer prices dropped 1%; and the unemployment rate increased from an already high 15% to 17%. Argentina: Year in Review 2003 In 2002 Argentina experienced an economic collapse of proportions nearly unheard-of when a war or major natural disaster was not involved. The country's gross domestic product fell by 15% (for a cumulative drop of 21% since the current recession began in 1998). Inflation increased from an average annual rate of ... Argentina: Year in Review 2004 Following the political, economic, and social chaos experienced in 2002, the year 2003 was one of relative stabilization and normalization in Argentina. Nestor Kirchner (see Biographies) was elected president; the economy began to grow again; and the level of social tension dropped. Argentina: Year in Review 2005 January 2004 marked the two-year anniversary of Argentina's historic economic and political collapse. Compared with the dark days of December 2001 and January 2002, the Argentine economy and political system functioned quite well throughout 2004. Nevertheless, the use of different benchmarks, particularly economic ones, suggested that serious issues still existed, ... Argentina: Year in Review 2006 In 2005 Pres. Nestor Kirchner of the Justicialist (Peronist) Party (PJ) greatly consolidated his dominance over the country's political system. Kirchner, elected in 2003 with the support of then president Eduardo Duhalde-at the time the undisputed boss of the PJ in the province of Buenos Aires (PBA)-had maintained a tacit ... Argentina: Year in Review 2007 In 2006 Pres. Nestor Kirchner continued to consolidate his hold on power in Argentina, with his reelection to a second four-year term a nearly foregone conclusion 10 months prior to the October 2007 presidential contest. As had been the case since Kirchner assumed office in 2003, GDP growth in 2006 ... Argentina: Year in Review 2008 On Oct. 28, 2007, Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner became the first woman in Argentina's history to be directly elected president. In July her husband, Pres. Nestor Kirchner, decided not to seek reelection to another four-year term and instead nominated Fernandez de Kirchner as the governing Front for Victory's presidential candidate. Argentina: Year in Review 2009 Argentine Pres. Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner began her second month in office in January 2008 with high public-opinion approval ratings (in the low 50th percentile), a large and disciplined majority in the Senate (48 of 72 seats) and Chamber of Deputies (155 of 257 seats), the support of 20 of ... Argentina: Year in Review 2010 Argentine Pres. Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner began 2009 with low public approval ratings, rising dissent within her governing Peronist movement, and serious economic difficulties stemming from a combination of the global recession and her government's mismanagement of economic policy. In the face of this growing crisis, in March Fernandez de ... Argentina: Year in Review 2011 In 2010 Argentine Pres. Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner and her spouse, former president Nestor Kirchner (2003-07), consolidated their grip on power in the run-up to the 2011 presidential election. While the Peronist Kirchners' prospects for victory in 2011 increased as the year progressed, the anti-Kirchner Peronist and non-Peronist political opposition ... Argentina: Year in Review 2012 On Oct. 23, 2011, Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner was reelected president of Argentina in a landslide over a demoralized and divided opposition. Fernandez de Kirchner, of the Peronist Front for Victory (FPV), garnered 54% of the vote and outdistanced her nearest competitor by 37 points. She also won a plurality ... Argentina: Year in Review 2013 During 2012 Argentine Pres. Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner frequently raised the banner of nationalism while increasing government economic intervention, which already was at levels unseen in more than 20 years. With Argentina's political opposition weak, fragmented, and possessed of little appetite for governing, the principal obstacles to the president's continued ... Argentina country of South America, covering most of the southern portion of the continent. The world's eighth largest country, Argentina occupies an area more extensive than Mexico and the U.S. state of Texas combined. It encompasses immense plains, deserts, tundra, and forests, as well as tall mountains, rivers, and thousands of ... Argentina, flag of horizontally striped blue-white-blue national flag, with a brown-bordered central golden sun. Its width-to-length ratio is 5 to 8. Argentina, La dancer who originated the Neoclassical style of Spanish dancing and helped establish the Spanish dance as a theatrical art. argentine any fish of the family Argentinidae, small, outwardly smeltlike fishes found in deeper waters of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The family is usually placed in the order Osmeriformes. Argentines of the species Argentina silus are silvery fishes about 45 cm (18 inches) long; they live about 145-545 m (480-1,800 ... Argentine Basin submarine basin in the floor of the Atlantic Ocean, lying directly east of Argentina. Its deepest sections, the western and southwestern margins, are called the Argentine Abyssal Plain and reach a maximum depth of 20,381 feet (6,212 m). The basin is bounded by the Rio Grande Rise (north), the Mid-Atlantic ... Argentine Museum of Natural Sciences national museum (founded 1823) in Buenos Aires. It has zoological, botanical, and geological departments. Argerich, Martha Argentine pianist. A prodigy, she began concertizing before she was 10. In 1955 she went to Europe, where her teachers included Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli (1920-95). She won two prestigious competitions at age 16 and the Chopin competition in 1965. Her exceptionally brilliant technique, emotional depth, and elan won her an ... Arges judet (county), southern Romania. The Transylvanian Alps (Southern Carpathians) and the sub-Carpathians rise above the settlement areas that are found in intermontane valleys. The county is drained eastward by the Arges, Cotmeana, and Teleorman rivers. It was formerly included in feudal Walachia. Agricultural activities consist of vineyard and orchard cultivation ... Arges River river, that rises in the South ern Carpathians, on the southern faces of Moldoveanu and Negoiu peaks in the Fagaras Range, southern Romania. The river's principal tributaries from the mountains include the Valsan, Doamnei, and Targului rivers. It flows southward through Curtea de Arges and Pitesti, in the sub-Carpathians, and ... Arghezi, Tudor Romanian poet, novelist, and essayist whose creation of a new lyric poetry led to his recognition as one of the foremost writers in Romania. He produced his best work in the years before World War I. Arghun fourth Mongol Il-Khan (subordinate khan) of Iran (reigned 1284-91). He was the father of the great Mahmud Ghazan (q.v.). arginine an amino acid obtainable by hydrolysis of many common proteins but particularly abundant in protamines and histones, proteins associated with nucleic acids. First isolated from animal horn (1895), arginine plays an important role in mammals in the synthesis of urea, the principal form in which these species excrete nitrogen. Arginine ... Argolis nomos (department), northeastern Peloponnese (Modern Greek: Peloponnisos), southern Greece. It is a narrow, mountainous peninsula projecting eastward into the Aegean Sea between the Saronikos Gulf (to the northeast) and the Gulf of Argolis (Argolikos Kolpos; to the southwest). Bordered on the north by Korinthos (Corinth) and on the west by ... Argolis, Gulf of deep inlet of the Mirtoon Sea, a western arm of the Aegean, eastern Peloponnese (Modern Greek: Peloponnisos), Greece; it is separated from the Gulf of Saronikos by the Argolis peninsula. Some 30 miles (50 km) long and 20 miles (30 km) wide, it includes some small islands off the eastern ... argon chemical element, inert gas of Group 18 (noble gases) of the periodic table, terrestrially the most abundant and industrially the most frequently used of the noble gases. Colourless, odourless, and tasteless, argon gas was isolated (1894) from air by the British scientists Lord Rayleigh and Sir William Ramsay. Henry Cavendish, ... Argonaut in Greek legend, any of a band of 50 heroes who went with Jason in the ship Argo to fetch the Golden Fleece. Jason's uncle Pelias had usurped the throne of Iolcos in Thessaly, which rightfully belonged to Jason's father, Aeson. Pelias promised to surrender his kingship to Jason if ... Argonaut first submarine to navigate extensively in the open sea, built in 1897 by the American engineer and naval architect Simon Lake. Designed to send out divers rather than to sink ships, the Argonaut was fitted with wheels for travel on the bottom of the sea and had an airtight chamber ... Argonne wooded, hilly region in eastern France that forms a natural barrier between Champagne and Lorraine. The Argonne is about 40 miles long and 10 miles wide (65 by 15 km). The hilly massif rarely exceeds 650 feet (200 m) in elevation but is slashed with numerous deep valleys formed by ... Argonne National Laboratory the first U.S. national research laboratory, located in Argonne, Illinois, some 40 km (25 miles) southwest of Chicago, and operated by the University of Chicago for the U.S. Department of Energy. It was founded in 1946 to conduct basic nuclear physics research and to develop the technology for peaceful uses ... Argos city in the nomos (department) of Argolis, northeastern Peloponnese (Modern Greek: Peloponnisos), Greece. It lies just north of the head of the Gulf of Argolis (Argolikos Kolpos). Arguedas, Alcides Bolivian novelist, journalist, sociologist, historian, and diplomat whose sociological and historical studies and realistic novels were among the first to focus attention on the social and economic problems of the South American Indian. Arguedas, Jose Maria Peruvian novelist, short-story writer, and ethnologist whose writings capture the contrasts between the white and Indian cultures. Arguello, Alexis Nicaraguan professional boxer who was world featherweight, junior lightweight, and lightweight champion between 1974 and 1982.