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Abd al-Hafid ... Abe Masahiro

Abd al-Hafid sultan of Morocco (1908-12), the brother of Sultan Abd al-Aziz, against whom he revolted beginning in 1907. Abd al-Ilah regent of Iraq (1939-53) and crown prince to 1958. Abd al-Kuri island in the Indian Ocean, about 65 miles (105 km) southwest of Socotra. Although the island belongs to Yemen (the mainland of which is situated more than 200 miles [320 km] to the north), geographically the island is closer to the Horn of Africa-it is about 70 miles (110 km) ... Abd al-Malik fifth caliph (685-705) of the Umayyad Arab dynasty centred in Damascus. He reorganized and strengthened governmental administration and, throughout the empire, adopted Arabic as the language of administration. Abd al-Mu'min Berber caliph of the Almohad dynasty (reigned 1130-63), who conquered the North African Maghrib from the Almoravids and brought all the Berbers under one rule. Abd al-Qadir al-Jilani traditional founder of the Qadiriyah order of the mystical Sufi branch of Islam. Abd al-Rahman I member of the Umayyad ruling family of Syria who founded an Umayyad dynasty in Spain. Abd al-Rahman III first caliph and greatest ruler of the Umayyad Arab Muslim dynasty of Spain. He reigned as hereditary emir ("prince") of Cordoba from October 912 and took the title of caliph in 929. Abd al-Rahman Khan amir of Afghanistan (1880-1901) who played a prominent role in the fierce and long-drawn struggle for power waged by his father and his uncle, A'zam Khan, against his cousin Shir 'Ali, the successor of Dost Mohammad Khan. Abd al-Wadid Dynasty dynasty of Zanatah Berbers (1236-1550), successors to the Almohad empire in northwestern Algeria. In 1236 the Zanatahs, loyal vassals to the Almohads, gained the support of other Berber tribes and nomadic Arabs and set up a kingdom at Tilimsan (Tlemcen), headed by the Zanatah amir Yaghmurasan (ruled 1236-83). Yaghmurasan was ... Abd al-Wahhab, Muhammad Egyptian actor, singer, and composer, largely responsible for changing the course of Arab music by incorporating Western musical instruments, melodies, rhythms, and performance practices into his work. Abd Allah king of Saudi Arabia from 2005. As crown prince (1982-2005), he had served as the country's de facto ruler following the 1995 stroke of his half brother King Fahd (reigned 1982-2005). Abd Allah political and religious leader who succeeded Muhammad Ahmad (al-Mahdi) as head of a religious movement and state within the Sudan. Abd Allah ibn al-'Abbas a Companion of the prophet Muhammad, one of the greatest scholars of early Islam, and the first exegete of the Qur'an. Abd Allah ibn az-Zubayr leader of a rebellion against the Umayyad ruling dynasty of the Islamic empire, and the most prominent representative of the second generation of Muslim families in Mecca, who resented the Umayyad assumption of caliphal authority. Abd Allah ibn Sa'd ibn Abi Sarh governor of Upper (southern) Egypt for the Muslim caliphate during the reign of 'Uthman (644-656) and the cofounder, with the future caliph Mu'awiyah I, of the first Muslim navy, which seized Cyprus (647-649), Rhodes, and Cos (Dodecanese Islands) and defeated a Byzantine fleet off Alexandria in 652. He shared in ... Abd Allah, Khawr estuary (khawr) separating Kuwait and Iraq, probably a drowned river mouth of the Shatt (stream) al-Arab, whose mouth is now farther north and forms the southeastern part of the border between Iraq and Iran. It extends into Iraqi territory in the form of the Khawr az-Zubayr, on which the Iraqi ... Abd ar-Rahman sultan of Morocco (1822-59) who was the 24th ruler of the 'Alawi dynasty. His reign was marked by both peaceful and hostile contacts with European powers, particularly France. Abd ar-Rahman II fourth Umayyad ruler of Muslim Spain who enjoyed a reign (822-852) of brilliance and prosperity, the importance of which has been underestimated by some historians. Abd el-Krim leader of a resistance movement against Spanish and French rule in North Africa and founder of the short-lived Republic of the Rif (1921-26). A skilled tactician and a capable organizer, he led a liberation movement that made him the hero of the Maghrib (northwest Africa). A precursor of the anticolonial ... Abd-us-Samad, Khwaja Persian painter who, together with Mir Sayyid 'Ali, was one of the first members of the imperial atelier in India and is thus credited with playing a strong part in the foundation of the Mughal school of miniature painting (see Mughal painting). Abdali sultanate former semi-independent state in the southern Arabian Peninsula, in what is now Yemen. Located just north of Aden city, it was one of the most important tribal areas of the Aden Protectorate, which was the forerunner of independent Yemen (Aden); its capital was Lahij. The sultanate was earlier tributary to ... Abdelkader amir of Mascara (from 1832), the military and religious leader who founded the Algerian state and led the Algerians in their 19th-century struggle against French domination (1840-46). Abdera in ancient Greece, town on the coast of Thrace near the mouth of the Nestos River. The people of Teos, evacuating Ionia when it was overrun by the Persians under Cyrus (c. 540 BC), succeeded in establishing a colony there that developed a brisk trade with the Thracian interior. Abdera ... abdominal cavity largest hollow space of the body. Its upper boundary is the diaphragm, a sheet of muscle and connective tissue that separates it from the chest cavity; its lower boundary is the upper plane of the pelvic cavity. Vertically it is enclosed by the vertebral column and the abdominal and other ... abdominal muscle any of the muscles of the anterolateral walls of the abdominal cavity, composed of three flat muscular sheets, from without inward: external oblique, internal oblique, and transverse abdominis, supplemented in front on each side of the midline by rectus abdominis. abduction in law, the carrying away of any female for purposes of concubinage or prostitution. The taking of a girl under a designated age for purposes of marriage is in most jurisdictions also included in the crime of abduction. Abduction is generally regarded as a form of kidnapping (q.v.). abductor muscle any of the muscles that cause movement of a limb away from the midplane of the body or away from a neighbouring part or limb, as in raising the arms to the side (effected by the deltoideus muscle) or spreading the fingers or toes. In man certain muscles of the ... Abduh, Muhammad religious scholar, jurist, and liberal reformer, who led the late 19th-century movement in Egypt and other Muslim countries to revitalize Islamic teachings and institutions in the modern world. As mufti (Islamic legal counsellor) for Egypt (from 1899), he effected reforms in Islamic law, administration, and higher education and, although resisted ... Abdul Kalam, A.P.J. Indian scientist and politician who played a leading role in the development of India's missile and nuclear weapons programs. He was president of India from 2002 to 2007. Abdul Rahman Putra Alhaj, Tunku first prime minister of independent Malaya (1957-63) and then of Malaysia (1963-70), under whose leadership the newly formed government was stabilized. Abdul Rahman, Tuanku first supreme chief of state of the Federation of Malaya. After the declaration of independence from Great Britain in 1957, the tuanku became the first head of state, or paramount ruler, elected by and from the Malay rulers for a five-year term. Abdul Rahman died before completion of his term. Abdul Rauf, Feisal Kuwaiti-born Egyptian American imam, author, and interfaith leader. He led an effort to build an Islamic community centre in Manhattan, New York, a few blocks from the World Trade Center site-one of the targets of the September 11 attacks by Islamic extremists in 2001-which sparked a national debate over religious ... Abdul Razak bin Hussein, Tun Haji prime minister, foreign minister, and defense minister of Malaysia from 1970 to 1976. Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem collegiate and professional basketball player, who as a centre 7 feet 2 inches (2.18 metres) tall dominated the game throughout the 1970s and early '80s. Abdulaziz Ottoman sultan (1861-76) who continued the westernizing reforms that had been initiated by his predecessors until 1871, after which his reign took an absolutist turn. Abdulhak Hamid poet and playwright, considered one of the greatest Turkish Romantic writers. He was instrumental in introducing Western influences into Turkish literature. Abdulhamid I Ottoman sultan from 1774 to 1789 who concluded the war with Russia by signing the humiliating Treaty of Kucuk Kaynarca. By the terms of the treaty, Russia obtained the fortresses on the coast of the Sea of Azov, the area between the Dnieper and Bug rivers, and navigation and commercial ... Abdulhamid II Ottoman sultan from 1876 to 1909, under whose autocratic rule the reform movement of Tanzimat (Reorganization) reached its climax and who adopted a policy of pan-Islamism in opposition to Western intervention in Ottoman affairs. Abdulla, Muhammed Said Tanzanian novelist generally regarded as the father of Swahili popular literature. Abdullah Ahmad Badawi Malay politician who was prime minister of Malaysia (2003-09). Abdullah bin Abdul Kadir Malayan-born writer who, through his autobiographical and other works, played an important role as a progenitor of modern Malay literature. Abdullah I statesman who became the first ruler (1946-51) of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Abdullah II king of Jordan from 1999 and a member of the Hashimite dynasty, considered by pious Muslims to be direct descendants of the Prophet Muhammad (see Ahl al-Bayt). Abdullah, Sheikh Muhammad a prominent figure in India's struggle for independence, who fought for the rights of Kashmir and won for it a semiautonomous status within India. Abdulmecid I Ottoman sultan from 1839 to 1861 who issued two major social and political reform edicts known as the Hatt-i Serif of Gulhane (Noble Edict of the Rose Chamber) in 1839 and the Hatt-i Humayun (Imperial Edict) in 1856, heralding the new era of Tanzimat ("Reorganization"). Abdulmecid II the last caliph and crown prince of the Ottoman dynasty of Turkey. Abe Isoo one of the founders of the Japanese socialist movement and titular head of the Social Mass Party (Shakai Taishuto) from its inception in 1932 until 1940. He is also remembered for introducing the game of baseball to Japan. Abe Kobo Japanese novelist and playwright noted for his use of bizarre and allegorical situations to underline the isolation of the individual. Abe Lincoln in Illinois drama in 12 scenes by Robert E. Sherwood, first produced in 1938 and published in 1939 with extended commentary by the playwright. Abe Masahiro statesman who negotiated the opening of Japan to trade and communication with Western nations after the arrival of Commodore Matthew C. Perry and his U.S. Navy fleet.