| | - Ayr
- port town, South Ayrshire council area, historic county of Ayrshire, Scotland, at the mouth of the River Ayr where it enters the Firth of Clyde. The town is at the centre of the area associated with Scotland's national poet, Robert Burns.
- Ayraut, Pierre
- (from the article "extraterritoriality") ...term stems from the fiction that such persons or things are deemed not to be within the territory of the sovereign where they are actually present. This doctrine was originated by the French jurist Pierre Ayraut (1536-1601) and gained wide currency because of its adoption by the classical writers on ...
- ayre
- genre of solo song with lute accompaniment that flourished in England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. The outstanding composers in the genre were the poet and composer Thomas Campion and the lutenist John Dowland, whose Flow, my teares (Lachrimae) became so ... [2 Related Articles]
- Ayrer, Jakob
- dramatist who incorporated elements of Elizabethan plays (e.g., spectacular stage effects, violent action, histrionic bombast, the stock figure of the clown) into his own plays, particularly his Fastnachtsspiele, the farces performed at Shrovetide (the three days preceding Ash Wednesday).
- Ayres Natural Bridge
- (from the article "Douglas") ...and the home of the annual Wyoming State Fair, as well as the site of the Wyoming Law Enforcement Academy. Nearby are the restored site of Fort Fetterman, built in 1867 during the Sioux wars, and Ayres Natural Bridge, a 100-foot (30-metre) arch spanning La Prele Creek. A division of ...
- Ayres, Anne
- the first American Protestant religious, who cofounded a sisterhood in the Protestant Episcopal Church.
- Ayres, John
- (from the article "calligraphy") ...of 17th-century French and Dutch masters into a style they called round hand. One of the first English copybooks to show this new style is The New A-La-Mode Secretarie (c. 1680) by John Ayres; he identifies "bastard Italians" as "round-hands," and his alphabets are nearly exact copies of Barbedor's
- Ayres, Lew
- (LEWIS AYER), U.S. actor who memorably portrayed a disillusioned German soldier in the 1930 film All Quiet on the Western Front before he was blacklisted for declaring himself a conscientious objector during World War II; he voluntarily served, however, as a medic and chaplain's aide and won three silver stars ...
- Ayrshire
- historic county, southwestern Scotland. The county is named for Ayr, its historic county town (seat). Apart from a small section in the south that is part of the council area of Dumfries and Galloway, Ayrshire is presently divided into the council areas of South Ayrshire, East Ayrshire, and North Ayrshire.
- Ayrshire
- breed of hardy dairy cattle originating in the county of Ayr, Scotland, in the latter part of the 18th century and considered to be the only special dairy breed to have originated in the British Isles. The body colour varies from almost pure white to nearly all cherry red or ... [1 Related Articles]
- Ayrshire whitework
- in embroidery, a type of drawn thread work done in white thread on white material. Although similar work had been executed earlier and in other centres (for example, in 13th- and 14th-century Germany) and other examples are known from the intervening period, whitework became associated with the county (shire) of ... [1 Related Articles]
- Aytmatov, Chingiz
- author, translator, journalist, and diplomat, best known as a major figure in Kyrgyz and Russian literature. [3 Related Articles]
- Ayton, Sir Robert
- one of the earliest Scottish poets to use standard English as a literary medium. [1 Related Articles]
- Aytoun, William Edmondstoune
- poet famous for parodies and light verse that greatly influenced the style of later Scottish humorous satire.
- Ayub Khan, Mohammad
- president of Pakistan from 1958 to 1969, whose rule marked a critical period in the modern development of his nation. [6 Related Articles]
- Ayuntamiento
- (from the article "Western architecture") ...the Plateresque style was the town of Salamanca, with buildings such as the university (about 1516-29) and the Monterey Palace (1539). Perhaps the most outstanding example of the style is the Ayuntamiento, or town hall, of Sevilla (Seville) (begun 1527) by Diego de Riano, with Lombard paneled pilasters on the ...
- Ayurveda
- (from the article "Alternative Medicine") In India the government became involved in traditional drug production when the Central Drug Research Institute patented two new drugs from ancient Ayurvedic formulas. One, a mixture of black pepper, long pepper, and ginger, allows for the dosage of the antibiotic rifampicin to be halved in the treatment of tuberculosis ...
- Ayutthaya
- (from the article "Thailand") Whereas Sukhothai was an independent kingdom for only about 200 years, its successor, Ayutthaya-situated in the rich rice plains of the Chao Phraya River basin, about 55 miles (90 km) north of present-day Bangkok-lasted more than 400 years. During the Ayutthayan period the Tai consolidated their position as the leading ...
- Ayutthaya
- town and former capital of the Tai state of Ayutthaya (Siam) located in central Thailand, about 55 miles (89 km) north of Bangkok. The site of immense temples and other structures that are important both historically and architecturally, Ayutthaya was added to UNESCO's World Heritage List in 1991. [4 Related Articles]
- Ayyalon, Wadi
- (from the article "Yarqon River") ...eastward into the West Bank. They include the Wadi Shillo (Dayr Ballut) in the east, usually considered by geographers to mark the boundary between historic Judaea and Samaria, and the Wadi Ayyalon (Aijalon) in the southeast. In the valley of the latter, according to the Bible, the moon stood still ...
- ayyam al-'Arab
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...peculiar to soothsayers, which developed into an important form of ornate prose writing in every Islamic country. Tales about the adventures and battle days of the various tribes (ayyam al-'Arab, or "The Days of the Arabs") were told and handed down from generation to generation, usually interspersed with pieces of ...
- ayyar
- any member of a class of warriors common to Iraq and Iran in the 9th-12th century, often associated in futuwah, medieval Islamic urban organizations. [1 Related Articles]
- Ayyub
- father of Saladin, and a member of a family of Kurdish soldiers of fortune who in the 12th century took service under the Seljuq Turkish rulers in Iraq and Syria. Appointed governor of Damascus, Ayyub and his brother Shirkuh united Syria in preparation for war against the crusaders. He gave ... [1 Related Articles]
- Ayyubid dynasty
- Sunni Muslim dynasty, founded by Saladin (Salah al-Din), that ruled in the late 12th and early 13th centuries over Egypt and what became upper Iraq, most of Syria, and Yemen. [12 Related Articles]
- Az-Zarqali
- (from the article "Spain") ...their lack of interest in the physical sciences, the Andalusians excelled in both theoretical and practical astronomy. A number of these scholars sought to simplify the astrolabe, and finally al-Zarqali (Azarquiel; died 1100) achieved success by inventing the apparatus called the azafea (Arabic: ...
- Az-Zubaydi
- (from the article "Spain") ...explains why Al-Andalus, located at the western fringe of the Muslim world, produced works that to this day are used as texts in some traditional Islamic universities. From among these grammarians al-Zubaydi, tutor of Hisham II and Ibn Madah' of Cordoba, who proposed a drastic reform of grammatical methods, stands ...
- aza
- (from the article "Japan") ...An autonomous rural unit, generally known as a mura, consists of some 30 to 50 or more households. Now called an aza, this unit should not be confused with the administrative terms mura or son in use after ...
- Azad Bilgrami
- (from the article "Islamic arts") ...Arabic style was written during the 16th and 17th centuries, mainly in the kingdom of Golconda. There are even attempts at the epic form. A century after the heyday of Arabic in the Deccan, Azad Bilgrami (died 1786) composed numerous poetical and biographical works in Persian; but his chief fame ...
- Azad Kashmir
- area of the Pakistani-administered sector of the Kashmir region, in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent. Azad ("Free") Kashmir, established in 1947 after the partition of India, is neither a province nor an agency of Pakistan but has a government of its own that is regarded by Pakistan as ... [1 Related Articles]
- Azais, Pierre-Hyacinthe
- philosopher whose optimism was rooted in the idea that human experience is imbued with a natural and harmonious balance between joy and sadness and that it is in this balance that meaning can be discovered. He advocated the idea in the work that first brought him fame, Des compensations dans ...
- azalea
- certain species of Rhododendron, of the family Ericaceae, formerly given the generic name Azalea. Neither the nature of the corolla (ring of petals) nor other characteristics are sufficiently constant to serve as a means of separating these plants into two distinct genera, although azaleas are typically deciduous while rhododendrons are ... [2 Related Articles]
- Azali
- any member of the Babi movement (followers of a 19th-century Iranian prophet, the Bab) who chose to remain faithful to the Bab's teachings and to his chosen successor, Mirza Yahya, given the religious title Sobh-e Azal, after a split in the movement occurred in 1863. For about 13 years after ...
- Azamgarh
- town, eastern Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. It lies along the Tons River, a tributary of the Ghaghara, north of Varanasi (Benares). Founded in 1665 by A'zam Khan, a local chief for whom it is named, the compact town sits on a level plain and is enclosed on three sides ...
- Azana y Diaz, Manuel
- Spanish minister and president of the Second Republic whose attempts to fashion a moderately liberal government were halted by the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. [2 Related Articles]
- Azania
- (from the article "eastern Africa, history of") Because of offshore islands, better landing places, and wetter climate, Arab traders from about 700 seem to have preferred the East African coast to the south of modern Somalia. They sailed there with the northeast monsoon, returning home in the summer with the southwest. They dubbed the part of the ...
- Azara's agouti
- (from the article "agouti") ...Agoutis are found from southern Mexico southward to Ecuador and east of the Andes throughout the Amazon River basin. Although most agouti species live in lowland and montane tropical rainforests, Azara's agouti (Dasyprocta azarae) also inhabits the drier cerrado (savanna and scrub) and chaco ...
- Azara's opossum
- (from the article "opossum") ...common, or Virginia, opossum (Didelphis marsupialis; see photograph). It ranges from lower eastern Canada and Puget Sound southward to Argentina; the only other member of that genus, Azara's opossum (D. azarae), is found in South America. The common opossum may grow to 100 cm (40 inches) in length (including the ...
- Azare
- town and traditional emirate, Bauchi state, northeastern Nigeria, located in the northern extension of the state. The town and emirate are peopled by the Hausa, Fulani, and Beriberi, who are predominantly Muslim. The first prime minister of Nigeria, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, was born in the emirate. The area is ...
- Azariah dei Rossi
- (from the article "Judaism") ...language and in the secrets of the Kabbala, which some Christians believed actually verified the postulates of their own faith. Contacts with Christian scholars in turn introduced Jews such as Azariah dei Rossi (c. 1513-78), whose Meor 'enayim ("Enlightenment of the Eyes") inaugurated critical textual study of ...
- Azariah, The Prayer of
- apocryphal insertion into The Book of Daniel in the Greek (Septuagint) Bible and subsequently included in the Latin (Vulgate) Bible and the Roman Catholic biblical canon. [1 Related Articles]
- Azariah, Vedanayakam Samuel
- first Indian bishop of the Anglican Church in India.
- Azariqah
- (from the article "Kharijite") Within the Kharijite movement the Azariqah of Basra were the most extreme subsect, separating themselves from the Muslim community and declaring death to all sinners and their families. The more moderate subsect of the Ibadiyah, however, survived into the 20th century in North Africa, Oman, and Zanzibar, with about 500,000 ...
- Azarov, Mykola
- (from the article "Ukraine") ...mi) | Population (2005 est.): 47,075,000 | Capital: Kiev | Chief of state: Presidents Leonid Kuchma and, from January 23, Viktor Yushchenko | Head of government: Prime Ministers Viktor Yanukovich, Mykola Azarov (acting) from January 5, Yuliya Tymoshenko from January 24 (acting to February 4), and, from September 8 (acting ...
- azaspirodecanedione
- (from the article "drug") Buspirone is an antianxiety drug that is unrelated to the benzodiazepines. It does not affect the GABA receptor, nor does it have any muscle-relaxant or anticonvulsive properties. It also lacks the prominent sedative effect that is associated with other drugs used to treat anxiety. Instead, buspirone is thought to be ...
- azathioprine
- immunosuppressive drug that is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and to suppress the body's rejection of transplanted organs. By inhibiting several enzymatic pathways required for the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), azathioprine decreases the number of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) that can migrate to inflammatory sites. Leukopenia ... [2 Related Articles]
- Azay-le-Rideau
- town and chateau, Indre-et-Loire departement, Centre region, central France. The town lies along the Indre River a few miles upstream from its confluence with the Loire River, about 15 miles (24 km) southwest of Tours. Originally the site of a Roman villa, the town ...
- Azazel
- in Jewish legends, a demon or evil spirit to whom, in the ancient rite of Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement), a scapegoat was sent bearing the sins of the Jewish people. Two male goats were chosen for the ritual, one designated by lots "for the Lord," the other "for Azazel" ... [1 Related Articles]
- Azbakiyyah, al-
- (from the article "Cairo") ...renovation of Paris, Isma'il ordered the construction of a European-style city to the west of the medieval core. French city-planning methods dominated the design of the districts of Al-Azbakiyyah (with its large park), 'Abdin, and Isma'iliyyah-all now central zones of contemporary Cairo. By the end of the 19th century these ...
- Azbe, Anton
- (from the article "Kandinsky, Wassily") ...according to acquaintances, a mixture of diplomat, scientist, and Mongol prince. But for the moment he was simply an average art student, and he enrolled as such in a private school at Munich run by Anton Azbe. Two years of study under Azbe were followed by a year of work ...
- Azcarraga Milmo, Emilio
- , Mexican billionaire who created the Spanish-speaking world's largest media empire by building up his family's radio and television network; his fortune was estimated at $2 billion (b. Sept. 6, 1930--d. April 16, 1997).
- Azcona del Hoyo, Jose Simon
- Honduran politician (b. Jan. 26, 1927, La Ceiba, Honduras-d. Oct. 24, 2005, Tegucigalpa, Honduras), served as the country's president from 1986 to 1990. Azcona, owner of a construction company, became active in the Liberal Party because of his concerns regarding military involvement in Honduran politics. During his administration he was ...
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