| | - Avalon Zone
- (from the article "Ediacara fauna") ...to 542 million years old; the most-complex forms occur in the last 20 million years of this interval. The oldest radiometrically dated assemblage of Ediacaran organisms in the world, found in the Avalon Zone of Newfoundland, has an age of 565 million years.
- Avalon, Frankie
- American vocalist and actor best known for his chart-topping songs in the mid-1950s and early 1960s and as the star of youth-oriented beach movies.
- Avalonia
- (from the article "Silurian Period") ...in the vicinity of Finland. Another lowland within Baltica is related to the Sarmatian Shield, in the region between the Vistula and Volga rivers in Poland and adjacent Russia. The microcontinent of Avalonia-its name derived from the Avalon Peninsula of eastern Newfoundland-was appended to Baltica by the end of Ordovician ...
- Avalonian orogeny
- a mountain-building event that affected the eastern portion of the Appalachian Geosyncline in late Precambrian time (Precambrian time occurred from 3.96 billion to 540 million years ago). Evidence for the orogeny consists of igneous intrusions, folding of strata, and the development of angular unconformities in the Avalon Peninsula of Newfoundland, ...
- avance
- (from the article "Quesnay, Francois") ...of economic equilibrium, a concept frequently used as a point of departure for subsequent economic analysis. Of explicit importance was his identification of capital as avances-that is, as a stock of wealth that had to be accumulated in advance of production. His classification of these avances distinguished ...
- Avancena, Manuel Claude
- (from the article "shorthand") Stenoscript ABC Shorthand is a phonetic system using only longhand and common punctuation marks. It originated in London in 1607 and was revised by Manuel Claude Avancena, who published a modern edition in 1950. Stenoscript has 24 brief forms that must be memorized; e.g.,
- Avandia
- (from the article "Business Overview") ...advisory panel voted in October to ban cough and cold medicines for children under six years of age, and another FDA panel decided to back a cardiologist's claim that GlaxoSmithKline's diabetes drug Avandia posed possible heart-attack risks. Such decisions often translated into serious hits to drugmakers' bottom lines. GlaxoSmithKline, for ...
- Avant Garde
- (from the article "graphic design") ...dot of the exclamation point, uses ligatures (two or more letters combined into one form) and alternate characters to form a tightly compressed image. This logo was developed into a typeface named Avant Garde, one of the most successful and widely used fonts of the phototype period.
- avant-garde
- (from the article "United States") ...was merely difficult. Much of the new art and dance seemed puzzling and deliberately obscure. Difficult art happened, above all, in New York City. During World War II, New York had seen an influx of avant-garde artists escaping Adolf Hitler's Europe, including the painters Max Ernst, Piet Mondrian, and Joan ...
- Avanti
- kingdom of ancient India, in the territory of present Madhya Pradesh state. The area was for a time part of the historic province of Malwa. About 600 BC the Avanti capital was Mahismati (probably modern Godarpura on the Narmada River), but it was soon moved to Ujjayini (near modern Ujjain). ... [1 Related Articles]
- Avanzada group
- (from the article "Latin American art") Performance art also gave voice to political and social issues in Latin America at the end of the century. After the repression of the Chilean revolution, artists of the Avanzada group created performances that pointed out the abuses of the new regime. For example, in 1980 Carlos Leppe had himself ...
- Avar
- one of a people of undetermined origin and language, who, playing an important role in eastern Europe (6th-9th century), built an empire in the area between the Adriatic and the Baltic Sea and between the Elbe and Dnieper rivers (6th-8th century). Inhabiting an area in the Caucasus region in 558, ... [22 Related Articles]
- Avar language
- (from the article "Avar-Andi-Dido languages") ...Avar language, the Andi languages (Andi, Botlikh, Godoberi, Chamalal, Bagvalal, Tindi, Karata, and Akhvakh), and the Dido languages (Dido or Tsez, Khvarshi, Hinukh, Bezhta, and Hunzib or Kapucha). Avar, the only language in the group with a written form, is also used for intertribal communication by native users of the ...
- Avar-Andi-Dido languages
- group of languages spoken in western and central Dagestan republic, Russia, and in part of Azerbaijan. The group includes the Avar language, the Andi languages (Andi, Botlikh, Godoberi, Chamalal, Bagvalal, Tindi, Karata, and Akhvakh), and the Dido languages (Dido or Tsez, Khvarshi, Hinukh, Bezhta, and Hunzib or Kapucha). Avar, the ... [1 Related Articles]
- avariz-i divaniye
- (from the article "Ottoman Empire") ...fulfill their obligations to the government without the kind of disruption and dissatisfaction that had characterized the previous regime. Particularly important was the establishment of the avariz-i divaniye ("war chest") tax, which provided for the extraordinary expenditures of war without special confiscations or heavy levies. The value of the coinage ...
- Avarua
- (from the article "Rarotonga") Avarua is the seat of administration for the Cook Islands and the location of a major port. Absence of a suitable lagoon once forced oceangoing ships to lie off the reef and move cargoes ashore via lighters. However, the harbour at Avatiu, to the west of Avarua, has been dredged, ...
- Avary, Roger
- (from the article "1994: Other Winners") Original Screenplay: Quentin Tarantino and Roger Avary for Pulp FictionAdapted Screenplay: Eric Roth for Forrest GumpCinematography: John Toll for Legends of the FallArt Direction: Ken Adam for The Madness of King...
- avasarpini
- (from the article "Jainism") ...form an ascending arc and six a descending one. In the ascending arc (utsarpini), humans progress in knowledge, age, stature, and happiness, while in the descending arc (avasarpini) they deteriorate. The two cycles joined together make one rotation of the wheel of time, which ...
- Avatamsaka-sutra
- voluminous Mahayana Buddhist text that some consider the most sublime revelation of the Gautama Buddha's teachings. Scholars value the text for its revelations about the evolution of thought from primitive Buddhism to fully developed Mahayana. [3 Related Articles]
- avatar
- ("descent"), in Hinduism, the incarnation of a deity in human or animal form to counteract some particular evil in the world. The term usually refers to these 10 appearances of Vishnu: Matsya (fish), Kurma (tortoise), Varaha (boar), Narasimha (half man, half lion), Vamana (dwarf), Parasurama (Rama with the axe), Rama ... [6 Related Articles]
- Avati, Pupi
- (from the article "Performing Arts") Of Italy's senior directors, Pupi Avati, with La rivincita di Natale (Christmas Rematch), provided a sequel to his 1986 Regalo di Natale, with the same dubious group of gamblers meeting for an evening that turns into a game of revenge. Gianni Amelio's moving Le chiavi di casa (The House Keys) ...
- Avebury
- archaeological site in Kennet district, administrative and historic county of Wiltshire, England, some 18.5 miles (30 km) north of Stonehenge. Lying on the River Kennet at the foot of the Marlborough Downs, it is one of the largest and best-known prehistoric sites in Europe, encompassing 28.5 acres (11.5 hectares). Avebury ... [1 Related Articles]
- Avebury
- (from the article "Avebury") ...materials by Avebury villagers in the 18th century have been excavated and righted. Concrete markers now show the placement of lost stones. There is an archaeological museum within the village of Avebury, which is administered along with the surrounding lands by the British National Trust. Avebury and Stonehenge were collectively ...
- Avedon, Richard
- one of the leading mid-20th-century photographers, noted for his portraits and fashion photographs. [4 Related Articles]
- Avellaneda
- partido (county) of eastern Gran (Greater) Buenos Aires, eastern Argentina. It lies immediately southeast of the city of Buenos Aires, in Buenos Aires provincia (province), on the Rio de la Plata estuary. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries the area was an ...
- Avellaneda, Nicolas
- (from the article "Argentina") The next president, Nicolas Avellaneda (1874-80), was a native of San Miguel de Tucuman who had been Sarmiento's minister of justice, public education, and worship. Avellaneda's government faced serious financial difficulties engendered by the European economic crisis of 1873. Argentina defaulted on foreign loans and completed few public works projects, ...
- Avellino
- city, Campania region, southern Italy, on the Sabato River surrounded by the Apennines, east of Naples. Its name is derived from Abellinum, a stronghold of the Hirpini (an ancient Italic people) and later a Roman colony, the site of which lies just to the east of the modern city. Conquered ...
- aveloz
- (from the article "Sao Francisco River") ...of the hilly uplands support carnauba and babassu palms and such plants as the cactus, the rock rose, and the rhododendron. One unusual plant of the sertao region is the evergreen aveloz, which can grow to heights of 15 to 20 feet and is used as a hedgerow to mark ...
- Avempace
- earliest known representative in Spain of the Arabic Aristotelian-Neoplatonic philosophical tradition and forerunner of the polymath scholar Ibn Tufayl and of the philosopher Averroes. [1 Related Articles]
- Avena fatua
- (from the article "wild oat") any of several tufted annual grasses of the genus Avena (family Poaceae), native to Eurasia. Wild oats are sometimes cut for hay, and young plants provide forage for grazing animals.
- Avenarius, Richard
- German philosopher who taught at Zurich and founded the epistemological theory of knowledge known as empiriocriticism, according to which the major task of philosophy is to develop a "natural concept of the world" based on pure experience. Traditional metaphysicians believed in two categories of experience, inner and outer, and held ... [1 Related Articles]
- Avenches
- (from the article "Helvetii") Under Augustus their territory formed part of Gallia Belgica. The capital at Aventicum (Avenches) became a Roman colony, and the baths at Aquae Helveticae (Baden, Switz.) attracted many visitors. Under the empire the Helvetii manned the Roman frontier forts against the Alamanni but yielded to their traditional enemies by the ...
- Avenger
- (from the article "Grumman, Leroy Randle") ...specifications, the first produced in mass before a test flight had been conducted, and an aircraft that set production records because it was built so quickly. Another Grumman aircraft, the TBF Avenger, was the navy's premier torpedo bomber. With the F9F Panther, designed at war's end, Grumman fighters entered the ...
- Avenida 9 de Julio
- (from the article "Buenos Aires") The rest of what remains of colonial Buenos Aires lies mostly south of the square. Intersecting Avenida de Mayo is Avenida 9 de Julio (July 9, Argentina's national day of independence), called the "widest avenue in the world.'An obelisk, inaugurated in 1936, marks the intersection of Avenida 9 de Julio ...
- avens
- any of various perennial, flowering plants of the genus Geum, within the rose family (Rosaceae). [1 Related Articles]
- Aventine
- (from the article "Rome") Though considerably built over with modern houses and travelled by modern bus lines, the Aventine still bespeaks a Rome of the past, if not the Classical past. The repeated fires that swept the city destroyed all the republican buildings, and the Temple of Diana remains only as a street name. ...
- Aventine secession
- (from the article "Matteotti, Giacomo") The opposition deputies withdrew from the Chamber, in an action known as the Aventine secession, to protest the murder and to work for the overthrow of Mussolini. But the parliamentary forces, powerless before in the events leading to Mussolini's seizure of power in 1922, proved ineffective in keeping public opinion ...
- Aventinus
- Humanist and historian sometimes called the "Bavarian Herodotus."
- Aventis
- former French pharmaceutical company founded in 1999 through the merger of the German firm Hoechst and the French company Rhone-Poulenc. With headquarters in Strasbourg, France, Aventis was the product of the first transnational merger to combine large rival companies from France and Germany. It became part of the French pharmaceutical ... [2 Related Articles]
- Aventis Prize
- (from the article "Literature") The Royal Society Prize for Science Books (formerly the Aventis Prize) was awarded to Stumbling on Happiness (2006) by Harvard psychology professor Daniel Gilbert. Reviewers gleefully pointed out the many paradoxes in the book; in the Times Christopher Hart noted, "Reading it won't make you any happier, the author assures ...
- aventurine
- either of two gem minerals, one a plagioclase feldspar and the other quartz. Both have a sparkling reflection from oriented minute inclusions of mica or hematite.
- avenue bower
- (from the article "bowerbird") The "avenue" type consists of two close-set parallel walls of sticks, interwoven and sometimes overarching, on a circular mat of twigs. Avenues are made by the satin bowerbird (Ptilonorhynchus violaceus); the regent bowerbird (Sericulus chrysocephalus) and its relatives; and the...
- Avenue of Flags
- (from the article "Mount Rushmore National Memorial") ...drills. Much of the 450,000 tons of rock removed in the process remains in a heap at the base of the memorial. The federal government paid most of the nearly $1 million cost. Renovations include the Avenue of Flags, where flags of the country's 56 states and territories flutter above ...
- avera
- in Judaism, a moral transgression (or sin) against God or man. It may vary from grievous to slight and is the opposite of mitzwa (commandment), understood in the broad sense of any good deed. Whereas Jews are taught to prefer death to the willful commission of any of the three ...
- average
- in maritime law, loss or damage, less than total, to maritime property (a ship or its cargo), caused by the perils of the sea. An average may be particular or general. A particular average is one that is borne by the owner of the lost or damaged property (unless he ... [1 Related Articles]
- average
- (from the article "probability theory") ...is the standard deviation of X1 divided by n. This quantifies the intuitive notion that the average of repeated observations is less variable than the individual observations. More precisely, it says that the variability of the average is inversely proportional to the square root of the...mean
- average cost
- (from the article "accounting") Accountants can make this division by any of three main inventory costing methods: (1) first-in, first-out (FIFO), (2) last-in, first-out (LIFO), or (3) average cost. The LIFO method is widely used in the United States, where it is also an acceptable costing method for income tax purposes; companies in most ...
- average deviation
- (from the article "analysis") ...of variability is the range, given as the difference between the largest and the smallest results. It has no statistical significance, however, for small data sets. Another statistical term, the average deviation, is calculated by adding the differences, while ignoring the sign, between each result and the average of all ...
- average propensity to consume
- (from the article "propensity to consume") ...the proportion of total income or of an increase in income that consumers tend to spend on goods and services rather than to save. The ratio of total consumption to total income is known as the average propensity to consume; an increase in consumption caused by an addition to income ...
- average propensity to save
- (from the article "propensity to save") in economics, the proportion of total income or of an increase in income that consumers save rather than spend on goods and services. The average propensity to save equals the ratio of total saving to total income; the marginal propensity to save equals the ratio of a change in saving ...
- average velocity
- (from the article "mechanics") The average velocity of the particle is a vector given by
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