German-born avant-garde photographer (b. May 20, 1906, Karlsruhe, Ger.-d. July 31, 2004, New York, N.Y.), created innovative experimental advertising images and portraits, particularly during the Weimar Republic (1919-33). Auerbach studied in Berlin with Walter Peterhans of the Bauhaus design school. When Peterhans relocated to Dessau, Auerbach and fellow student Grete ...
American pathologist whose research showing that cigarette smoking was causally related to lung cancer, based on his examination of thousands of lung tissue samples, gained national prominence in the first Surgeon General's Report on Smoking and Health in 1964 (b. Jan. 1, 1905--d. Jan. 15, 1997).
American professional basketball coach whose National Basketball Association (NBA) Boston Celtics won nine NBA championships and 885 games against 455 losses. [3 Related Articles]
(from the article "Kazakhstan") ...1920. All these figures disappeared into Soviet prisons and never returned, as a result of Joseph Stalin's purges, which destroyed much of the Kazakh intelligentsia. An early Soviet Kazakh writer, Mukhtar Auez-uli, won recognition for the long novel Abay, based on the life and poetry of Kunanbay-uli, and for his ...
(from German Aufbauprinzip, "building-up principle"), rationalization of the distribution of electrons among energy levels in the ground (most stable) states of atoms. The principle, formulated by the Danish physicist Niels Bohr about 1920, is an application of the laws of quantum mechanics to the properties of electrons subject to the ... [3 Related Articles]
(from the article "minnesinger") In form the music follows, in the main, the tripartite structure taken over from the Provencal canso: two identical sections, called individually Stollen and collectively Aufgesang, and a third section, or Abgesang (the terms derive from the later meistersingers); the formal ratio between Aufgesang and Abgesang is variable. The basic ...
(from the article "Coriolanus") ...When he refuses to flatter the Roman citizens, for whom he feels contempt, or to show them his wounds to win their vote, they turn on him and banish him. Bitterly he joins forces with his enemy Aufidius, a Volscian, against Rome. Leading the enemy to the edge of the ...
in Greek legend, king of the Epeians in Elis, a son of the sun-god Helios. He possessed an immense wealth of herds, and King Eurystheus imposed upon the Greek hero Heracles the task of clearing out all of Augeas's stables unaided in one day. Heracles did so by turning the ... [1 Related Articles]
tool (or bit) used with a carpenter's brace for drilling holes in wood. It looks like a corkscrew and has six parts: screw, spurs, cutting edges, twist, shank, and tang. The screw looks like a tapered wood screw and is short and small in diameter; it centres the bit and ... [3 Related Articles]
in atomic physics, a spontaneous process in which an atom with an electron vacancy in the innermost (K) shell readjusts itself to a more stable state by ejecting one or more electrons instead of radiating a single X-ray photon. This internal photoelectric process is named for the French physicist Pierre-Victor ... [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "surface analysis") Energies of Auger electrons (named after French physicist Pierre Auger), like energies of XPS photoelectrons, are characteristic of the individual chemical elements. Thus, it is possible to use AES to analyze surfaces in much the same way as XPS is used. However, because of the differences in the characteristics and ...
method for recovering coal by boring into a coal seam at the base of strata exposed by excavation. Normally one of the lowest-cost techniques of mining, it is limited to horizontal or slightly pitched seams that have been exposed by geologic erosion. Augering is usually associated with contour strip-mining, recovering ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "gastropod") ...active predators or scavengers; many olive, volute, and marginella shells are highly polished and colourful.Auger shells (Terebridae), cone shells (Conidae) and turrid shells (Turridae) are carnivorous marine snails with poison glands attached to highly modified radular teeth; several cone shells have...
(from the article "Auger effect") ...has two electron vacancies. The process may be repeated as the new vacancies are filled, otherwise X-radiation will be emitted. The probability that an Auger electron will be emitted is called the Auger yield for that shell. The Auger yield decreases with atomic number (the number of protons in the ...
U.S. opera singer (b. Sept. 13, 1939, South Gate, Calif.--d. June 10, 1993, Leusden, Neth.), projected a commanding stage presence and was especially praised for her flexible coloratura soprano voice and subtle interpretations of works by Bach, Handel, Haydn, Monteverdi, Gluck, and especially Mozart. After graduating from California State University ...
popular dramatist who wrote comedies extolling the virtues of middle-class life and who, with Alexandre Dumas fils and Victorien Sardou, dominated the French stage during the Second Empire (1852-70). [3 Related Articles]
the most common pyroxene mineral (a silicate of calcium, magnesium, iron, titanium, and aluminum). It occurs chiefly as thick, tabular crystals in basalts, gabbros, andesites, and various other dark-coloured igneous rocks. It also is a common constituent of lunar basalts and meteorites rich in basaltic material. Augites may be found ... [4 Related Articles]
(from the article "GPS") Although the travel time of a satellite signal to Earth is only a fraction of a second, much can happen to it in that interval. For example, electrically charged particles in the ionosphere and density variations in the troposphere may act to slow and distort satellite signals. These influences can ...
(from the article "heraldry") The derivation of heraldic charges is more easily discerned in the augmentations of honour, as they are called, when something has been added to a coat of arms by the (British) crown in recognition of services rendered. The arms of the British naval hero Admiral Horatio Nelson show new heraldic ...
in Reformation England, the most important of a group of financial courts organized during the reign of Henry VIII; the others were the courts of General Surveyors, First Fruits and Tenths, and Wards and Liveries. They were instituted chiefly so that the crown might gain better control over its lands ...
(from the article "virtual reality") ...both augmenting his night vision and providing a level of immersion sufficient for the pilot to equate his field of vision with the images from the camera. This kind of system would later be called "augmented reality" because it enhanced a human capacity (vision) in the real world. When Sutherland ...
(from the article "harmony") ...and a functionally ambiguous quality; for example, a chord that became of prime importance as a means of thickening the harmonic sound and of blurring the exact tonality of a musical passage was the augmented sixth chord. This is an altered chord, or one built by taking a chord normally ...
(from the article "triad") ...the triad is a major triad; if a minor third and a perfect fifth, it is a minor triad. These are defined as consonant triads. If the third is major and the fifth is augmented, the triad is called an augmented triad; if the third is minor and the fifth ...
(from the article "STOL airplane") ...flying, where steep climb and approach angles and low landing speed are more important than high cruising speeds. These capabilities are provided by a combination of aerodynamic devices, such as the augmentor wing, which was introduced during the early 1960s. It consists of full span slats at the leading edge ...
series of separately channeled cataracts and rapids on the Orange River in arid Northern Cape province, South Africa. The falls, which form the central feature of Augrabies Falls National Park (established in 1966), occur where the Orange River leaves a plateau formation of resistant granite. The main fall of water ... [4 Related Articles]
city, Bavaria Land (state), southern Germany. It lies at the junction of the Wertach and Lech rivers and extends over the plateau country between the two rivers. In 1974 Augsburg annexed the neighbouring cities of Goggingen and Haunstetten. [7 Related Articles]
(from the article "biblical literature") ...translations must have gained wide popularity. Another impetus towards the use of the German Scriptures in this period can be traced to mystics of the Upper Rhine. A complete New Testament, the Augsburg Bible, can be dated to 1350, and another from Bohemia, Codex Teplensis (c. 1400), has also survived.
the 28 articles that constitute the basic confession of the Lutheran churches, presented June 25, 1530, in German and Latin at the Diet of Augsburg to the emperor Charles V by seven Lutheran princes and two imperial free cities. The principal author was the Reformer Philipp Melanchthon, who drew on ... [13 Related Articles]
temporary doctrinal agreement between German Catholics and Protestants, proclaimed in May 1548 at the Diet of Augsburg (1547-48), which became imperial law on June 30, 1548. It was prepared and accepted at the insistence of the Holy Roman emperor Charles V, who hoped to establish temporary religious unity in Germany ... [4 Related Articles]
(from the article "Germany") ...led by the humanist Philipp Melanchthon, who dreaded the prospect of fragmentation within Protestantism, drew up a moderate outline of Lutheran positions. These were presented for discussion at the Diet of Augsburg in 1530, which was attended by the emperor. The Augsburg Confession, which became a fundamental statement of Lutheran ...
(from the article "Louis XIV") England, the Dutch, and the Emperor united in the Grand Alliance to resist Louis's expansionism. The resulting war lasted from 1688 to 1697. Despite many victories, Louis gave up part of his territorial acquisitions when he signed the Treaty of Rijswijk, for which the public judged him harshly. He reconciled ...
first permanent legal basis for the existence of Lutheranism as well as Catholicism in Germany, promulgated on September 25, 1555, by the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire assembled earlier that year at Augsburg. [11 Related Articles]
German magazine publisher (b. Nov. 5, 1923, Hanover, Ger.-d. Nov. 7, 2002, Hamburg, Ger.), was the publisher, editor (until 1995), and chief editorial writer of Der Spiegel, the influential weekly newsmagazine that he founded in January 1947 and guided until the day of his death. Augstein, who ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "Roman religion") ...system by the 3rd century BC. The chief priest, the pontifex maximus (the head of the state clergy), was an elected official and not chosen from the existing pontifices. The augures, whose name may have been derived from the practice of magic in fertility rites and perhaps meant "increasers," had ...
(from the article "Salus") The augurium salutis, not involving a personification and possibly antedating the deification of Salus, was an annual ascertainment of the acceptability to the gods of prayers for the public salus. Because it was required to be performed on a day of peace, the constant warfare of the late republic caused ...
(from the article "painting, Western") ...from Greek mythology, the overwhelming majority depict events in the lives of the Etruscans themselves. Funeral games were very popular subjects; perhaps the best-known depictions are those on the Tomb of the Augurs at Tarquinii, with its scenes of wrestlers, dancers, musicians, and a banquet. These paintings date from the ...
prophetic divining of the future by observation of natural phenomena-particularly the behaviour of birds and animals and the examination of their entrails and other parts, but also by scrutiny of man-made objects and situations. The term derives from the official Roman augurs, whose constitutional function was not to foretell the ... [7 Related Articles]
eighth month of the Gregorian calendar. It was named for the first Roman emperor, Augustus Caesar, in 8 BCE. Its original name was Sextilus, Latin for "sixth month," indicating its position in the early Roman calendar. [1 Related Articles]
capital (1831) of Maine, U.S., seat (1799) of Kennebec county, at the head of navigation on the Kennebec River, 57 miles (92 km) northeast of Portland. The city's establishment and early prosperity, which began with the arrival of traders from the Plymouth colony of Massachusetts in 1628, can be attributed ... [2 Related Articles]
city, river port, and seat (1777) of Richmond county, eastern Georgia, U.S. It lies on the Savannah River (there bridged to North Augusta, South Carolina), on the fall line where the Piedmont Plateau meets the Coastal Plain. The area was explored in 1540 by the Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto, ... [2 Related Articles]
town, Sicily, Italy, north of the city of Syracuse; it lies on a long sandy island off the southeast coast between the Golfo (gulf) di Augusta and the Ionian Sea and is connected by two bridges with the mainland. The town was founded near the site of the ancient Dorian ...
(from the article "Istanbul") ...from pastoral Thracian tribes and built the city about 657 BC. In AD 196, having razed the town for opposing him in a civil war, the Roman emperor Septimius Severus rebuilt it, naming it Augusta Antonina in honour of his son. In AD 330, when Constantine the Great dedicated the ...
(from the article "Masters Tournament") invitational golf tournament held annually since 1934 from Thursday through Sunday during the first full week of April at the private Augusta National Golf Club in Augusta, Ga. The tournament was conceived by American golfer Bobby Jones. It is considered one of the four "majors"-the other major golf tournaments being ...
(from the article "William II") ...to frustrate the other. The tension between the two, superimposed on his physical disability, ultimately explains his taut, restless, and irresolute character. In 1881 William married Princess Augusta Victoria of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Augustenburg, a plain, unimaginative woman with few intellectual interests and no talents, who bored him and encouraged his reactionary tendencies...
(from the article "Cherokee") ...disrupted by British actions. In 1773 the Cherokee and Creek had to exchange a portion of their land to relieve the resulting indebtedness, ceding more than two million acres in Georgia through the Treaty of Augusta.
