| | - Ashmore, Harry Scott
- American editor who, as executive editor of the Arkansas Gazette, won a Pulitzer Prize for editorials he wrote in support of integration of a Little Rock high school in 1957; he later served as editor in chief of the Encyclopaedia Britannica and as president of the Center for the Study ...
- Ashmun, Jehudi
- (from the article "Liberia") ...possession of Cape Mesurado. The first American freed slaves, led by members of the society, landed in 1822 on Providence Island at the mouth of the Mesurado River. They were followed shortly by Jehudi Ashmun, a white American, who became the real founder of Liberia. By the time Ashmun left ...
- Ashot Bagratuni the Carnivorous
- (from the article "Armenia") ...of the Mamikonians as a political force in Armenia and in the emergence of the Bagratunis and Artsrunis as the leading noble families. (See Bagratid dynasty.) The Arabs' choice in 806 of Ashot Bagratuni the Carnivorous to be prince of Armenia marked the establishment of his family as the chief ...
- Ashot I the Great
- (from the article "Bagratid Dynasty") The election of Smbat's son Ashot I the Great, who had been accepted as "prince of princes" by the Arabs in 862, to be king of Armenia in 885 was recognized by both the caliph and the Byzantine emperor, and it was he who by his successful defense of his ...
- Ashot III the Merciful
- (from the article "Armenia") ...accepted as "prince of princes" by the Arabs in 862, to be king of Armenia in 885 was recognized by both caliph and emperor. Throughout the 10th century, art and literature flourished. Ashot III (the Merciful; 952-977) transferred his capital to Ani and began to make it into one of ...
- Ashour, Rami
- (from the article "Squash") Three other world championships were staged in 2004. The men's world junior championship was held in Islamabad, Pak. Egyptian Rami Ashour beat Yasir Butt from the host nation to take the individual title, and Pakistan bested Egypt to retain the team trophy. In Amsterdam at the women's team championship, Australia, ...
- Ashqelon
- city on the coastal plain of Palestine, since 1948 in southwestern Israel. The modern city lies 12 miles (19 km) north of Gaza and 1.25 miles (2 km) east-northeast of the ancient city site. Because of its location on the Mediterranean coast, Ashqelon was traditionally the key to the conquest ...
- Ashraf
- (from the article "Afghan interlude") (1722-30), period in Iranian history that began with the Afghan conquest of Iran and ended with the defeat and death of the Afghan ruler Ashraf.AfghanistanThe HotakisMahmud died in 1725 and was succeeded by Ashraf, who had to contend with Russian ...
- ashraf
- (from the article "Islamic caste") In South Asian Muslim society a distinction is made between the ashraf (Arabic, plural of sharif, "nobleman"), who are supposedly descendants of Muslim Arab immigrants, and the non-ashraf, who are Hindu converts. The ashraf group is further divided into four subgroups: (1) Sayyids, originally a designation of descendants of...
- ashram
- (from the article "ashrama") Ashrama, familiarly spelled ashram in English, has come to denote a place of refuge, especially one removed from urban life, where spiritual and yogic disciplines are pursued. Ashrams are often associated with a central teaching figure, a guru, who is the object of adulation by the residents ...
- ashrama
- in Hinduism, any of the four spiritual abodes, or stages of life, through which the "twice-born" Hindu ideally will pass. The stages are those of (1) the student (brahmacari), marked by chastity, devotion, and obedience to one's teacher, (2) the householder (grihastha), requiring marriage, ... [2 Related Articles]
- Ashrawi, Hanan
- nee Mikhail Palestinian educator and spokeswoman for the Palestinian delegation to Middle East peace talks in the early 1990s.
- Ashta Pradhan
- (Marathi: "Council of Eight"), administrative and advisory council set up by the Indian Hindu Maratha leader Sivaji (d. 1680), which contributed to his successful military attacks on the Muslim Mughal Empire and to the good government of the territory over which he established his rule. The council's senior member, the ...
- Ashtabula
- city, Ashtabula county, northeastern Ohio, U.S. It lies along Lake Erie, at the mouth of the Ashtabula River, about 54 miles (87 km) northeast of Cleveland. The site was settled in 1801; its name, of Algonquian origin, possibly means "river of many fish" and was applied to the township (1808). ...
- Ashtar
- (from the article "Literature") Ashtar, a Palestinian association that performs onstage and trains young actors, shared Hijazi's vision. Its play The Story of Mona, described as "legislative" theatre, involved the public in the search for an alternative to the unfair laws imposed on the people. The company's struggle was cultural and aimed at salvaging ...
- Ashtarkhanid dynasty
- (from the article "Central Asia, history of") During Shaybanid rule, and even more under the Ashtarkhanids (also known as Astrakhanids, Tuquy-Timurids, or Janids) who succeeded them during the 1600s, Central Asia experienced a decline in prosperity compared with the preceding Timurid period, in part because of a marked reduction in the transcontinental caravan trade following the opening ...
- Ashton, Sir Frederick
- principal choreographer and director of England's Royal Ballet, the repertoire of which includes about 30 of his ballets. [3 Related Articles]
- Ashton-Warner, Sylvia
- New Zealand educator and writer of fiction, nonfiction, and poetry. In the field of education, she became known for her innovative work in adapting traditional British teaching methods to the special needs of Maori children. Her aim was peace and communication between two radically different cultures, and most of her ... [1 Related Articles]
- Ashtori ha-Parhi
- (from the article "Bet She'an") Although an Arab town for centuries, Bet She'an long had a Jewish settlement; in the Middle Ages the topographer Ashtori ha-Parhi settled there and completed his work Kaftor wa-ferah, the first Hebrew book on the geography of Palestine (1322).
- ashug
- (from the article "Armenia") ...The first great Armenian poet (10th century) was St. Gregory Narekatzi, renowned for his mystical poems and hymns. During the 16th to 18th century, popular bards, or troubadours, called ashugh, arose; outstanding among them were Nahapet Kuchak and, especially, Aruthin Sayadian, called Sayat-Nova (d. 1795), whose love songs are still ...
- Ashur
- ancient religious capital of Assyria, located on the west bank of the Tigris River in northern Iraq. The first scientific excavations there were conducted by a German expedition (1903-13) led by Walter Andrae. Ashur was a name applied to the city, to the country, and to the principal god of ... [11 Related Articles]
- Ashur
- in Mesopotamian religion, city god of Ashur and national god of Assyria. In the beginning he was perhaps only a local deity of the city that shared his name. From about 1800 BC onward, however, there appear to have been strong tendencies to identify him with the Sumerian Enlil (Akkadian: ... [2 Related Articles]
- Ashur-bel-kala
- (from the article "Mesopotamia, history of") Three of his sons reigned after Tiglath-pileser, including Ashur-bel-kala (c. 1074-c. 1057). Like his father, he fought in southern Armenia and against the Aramaeans with Babylonia as his ally. Disintegration of the empire could not be delayed, however. The grandson of Tiglath-pileser, Ashurnasirpal I (c. 1050-c. 1032), was sickly and ...
- Ashur-bel-nisheshu
- (from the article "Mesopotamia, history of") ...autonomy. Located close to the boundary with Babylonia, it played that empire off against Mitanni whenever possible. Puzur-Ashur III concluded a border treaty with Babylonia about 1480, as did Ashur-bel-nisheshu about 1405. Ashur-nadin-ahhe II (c. 1392-c. 1383) was even able to obtain support from Egypt, which sent him a consignment ...
- Ashur-da'in-apla
- (from the article "Mesopotamia, history of") In the last four years of the reign of Shalmaneser, the crown prince Ashur-da'in-apla led a rebellion. The old king appointed his younger son Shamshi-Adad as the new crown prince. Forced to flee to Babylonia, Shamshi-Adad V (823-811) finally managed to regain the kingship with the help of Marduk-zakir-shumi I ...
- Ashur-dan I
- (from the article "Mesopotamia, history of") After a period of decline following Tukulti-Ninurta I, Assyria was consolidated and stabilized under Ashur-dan I (c. 1179-c. 1134) and Ashur-resh-ishi I (c. 1133-c. 1116). Several times forced to fight against Babylonia, the latter was even able to defend himself against an attack by Nebuchadrezzar I. According to the inscriptions, ...
- Ashur-dan II
- (from the article "Mesopotamia, history of") ...of both Babylonia and Assyria were forced to repel their invasions. Even though the Aramaeans were not able to gain a foothold in the main cities, there are evidences of them in many rural areas. Ashur-dan II (934-912) succeeded in suppressing the Aramaeans and the mountain people, in this way ...
- Ashur-dan III
- (from the article "Mesopotamia, history of") ...(c. 780-755). He successfully defended eastern Mesopotamia against attacks from Armenia. On the other hand, he lost most of Syria after a campaign against Damascus in 773. The reign of Ashur-dan III (772-755) was shadowed by rebellions and by epidemics of plague. Of Ashur-nirari V (754-746) little is known.
- Ashur-etel-ilani
- (from the article "Mesopotamia, history of") ...accomplished this. More recent work has established that after 635 a civil war occurred, weakening the empire so that it could no longer stand up against a foreign enemy. Ashurbanipal had twin sons. Ashur-etel-ilani was appointed successor to the throne, but his twin brother Sin-shar-ishkun did not recognize him. The ...
- Ashur-nadin-ahhe II
- (from the article "Mesopotamia, history of") ...the boundary with Babylonia, it played that empire off against Mitanni whenever possible. Puzur-Ashur III concluded a border treaty with Babylonia about 1480, as did Ashur-bel-nisheshu about 1405. Ashur-nadin-ahhe II (c. 1392-c. 1383) was even able to obtain support from Egypt, which sent him a consignment of gold.
- Ashur-nadin-shumi
- (from the article "Mesopotamia, history of") Bel-ibni of Babylonia seceded from the union with Assyria in 700. Sennacherib moved quickly, defeating Bel-ibni and replacing him with Sennacherib's oldest son, Ashur-nadin-shumi. The next few years were relatively peaceful. Sennacherib used this time to prepare a decisive attack against Elam, which time and again had supported Babylonian rebellions. ...
- Ashur-nirari V
- (from the article "Tiglath-pileser III") ...routes to the Mediterranean and to the Iranian plateau. Some portions of the empire had ceased to pay the tribute required by treaties. In the spring of 745 BC a rebellion against the weak king Ashur-nirari V, a son of Adad-nirari III, brought a new ruler, who was then governor ...
- Ashur-resh-ishi I
- (from the article "Mesopotamia, history of") After a period of decline following Tukulti-Ninurta I, Assyria was consolidated and stabilized under Ashur-dan I (c. 1179-c. 1134) and Ashur-resh-ishi I (c. 1133-c. 1116). Several times forced to fight against Babylonia, the latter was even able to defend himself against an attack by Nebuchadrezzar I. According to the inscriptions, ...
- Ashur-uballit I
- (reigned c. 1365-30 BC), king of Assyria during Mesopotamia's feudal age, who created the first Assyrian empire and initiated the Middle Assyrian period (14th to 12th century BC). With the help of the Hittites he destroyed the dominion of the Aryan Mitanni (a non-Semitic people from upper Iran and Syria ... [2 Related Articles]
- Ashur-uballit II
- (from the article "Mesopotamia, history of") ...king of Assyria, found death in his burning palace. The commander of the Assyrian army in the west crowned himself king in the city of Harran, assuming the name of the founder of the empire, Ashur-uballit II (611-609 BC). Ashur-uballit had to face both the Babylonians and the Medes. They ...
- Ashura'
- Muslim holy day observed on the 10th of Muharram, the first month of the Islamic year (Gregorian date variable). 'Ashura' was originally designated in AD 622 by Muhammad, soon after the Hijrah (Hegira), as a day of fasting from sunset to sunset, probably patterned on the Jewish Day of Atonement, ... [3 Related Articles]
- Ashurbanipal
- last of the great kings of Assyria (reigned 668 to 627 BC), who assembled in Nineveh the first systematically organized library in the ancient Middle East. [19 Related Articles]
- Ashurnasirpal I
- king of Assyria 1050-32 BC, when it was at a low ebb in power and prosperity caused by widespread famine and the pressure of western desert nomads, against whom Ashurnasirpal warred constantly. His father, Shamshi-Adad IV, a son of Tiglath-pileser I, was placed on the throne of Assyria by the ...
- Ashurnasirpal II
- king of Assyria 883-859 BC, whose major accomplishment was the consolidation of the conquests of his father, Tukulti-Ninurta II, leading to the establishment of the New Assyrian Empire. Although, by his own testimony, he was a brilliant general and administrator, he is perhaps best known for the brutal frankness with ... [4 Related Articles]
- Ashurnasirpal II, palace of
- (from the article "Mesopotamia, history of") ...architects, structural engineers, and artists and sculptors to heights never before achieved. He built and enlarged temples and palaces in several cities. His most impressive monument was his own palace in Kalakh, covering a space of 269,000 square feet (25,000 square metres). Hundreds of large limestone slabs were used in ...
- Ashvaka
- (from the article "India") ...and the city of Methora with Mathura. The Vatsa state emerged from Kaushambi. The Cedi state (in Bundelkhand) lay on a major route to the Deccan. South of the Vindhyas, on the Godavari River, Ashvaka continued to thrive.
- Ashvin
- (from the article "Hinduism") Among the perpetually beneficent gods are the Ashvins (horsemen), helpers and healers who often visit the needy. Almost otiose is the personified heaven, Dyaus, who most often appears as the sky or as day. As a person, he is coupled with Earth (as Dyava-Prithivi) as a father; Earth by herself ...
- Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority
- (from the article "Tennessee Valley Authority") ...with the advice and consent of the Senate. The constitutionality of the TVA was immediately challenged upon the agency's establishment, but it was upheld by the Supreme Court in the case of Ashwander v. Tennessee Valley Authority (1936) and in later decisions.
- Ashwell, Lena
- British actress and theatrical manager well known for her work in organizing entertainment for the troops at the front during World War I. In 1917 she was awarded the Order of the British Empire.
- ashy chinchilla rat
- (from the article "chinchilla rat") ...and mothers and young of both species have been found in the same nest burrows. A. boliviensis inhabits rocky, shrubby areas at altitudes of about 2,500 metres in central Bolivia. The ashy chinchilla rat (A. cinerea) lives only in the Altiplano, between 3,700 and 5,000 metres, from southeastern Peru to ...
- Asia
- the world's largest and most diverse continent. It occupies the eastern four-fifths of the giant Eurasian landmass. Asia is more a geographic term than a homogeneous continent, and the use of the term to describe this vast area always carries the potential of obscuring the enormous diversity among the the ... [252 Related Articles]
- Asia
- ancient Roman province, the first and westernmost Roman province in Asia Minor, stretching at its greatest extent from the Aegean coast in the west to a point beyond Philomelium (modern Aksehir) in the east and from the Sea of Marmara in the north to the strait between Rhodes and the ... [3 Related Articles]
- Asia Energy
- (from the article "Bangladesh") In August another incident occurred, in the remote northern town of Phulbari, after the government badly handled a coal-mine deal with the newly formed British company Asia Energy, which intended to extract coal by open-pit mining on a 59-sq-km (23-sq-mi) area, an action that would have dislocated some 50,000 people, ...
- Asia Society Museum
- American museum in New York, N.Y., established in 1978 with a gift from the philanthropist John D. Rockefeller III, founder of the Asia Society (1956). The museum displays fine art and artifacts of Asian origin in order to forward the organization's larger mission of furthering American-Asian relations.
- Asia-Europe Meeting
- (from the article "Finland") Prime Minister Matti Vanhanen played host at the Asia-Europe Meeting, ASEM 6, in Helsinki on September 10-11. The summit was attended by leaders from the 24 other EU members and 13 Asian countries. Police contained a demonstration that apparently was designed to become a riot. Many of the demonstrators were ...
- Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union
- (from the article "broadcasting") The Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union, which was formally established in 1964 as a union of national broadcasting organizations in Asia and the Pacific, includes Japan, Australia, New Zealand, and the Philippines, as well as Iran, Turkey, Egypt, and most of the non-Communist countries of Asia; its headquarters are in Kuala Lumpur, ...
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