| | - Articles of Schwabach
- early Lutheran confession of faith, written in 1529 by Martin Luther and other Wittenberg theologians and incorporated into the Augsburg Confession by Philipp Melanchthon in 1530. It was prepared at the request of John the Steadfast, elector of Saxony, to provide a unifying document for the various Reformers and the ... [1 Related Articles]
- articular cartilage
- (from the article "joint") Articular cartilage (cartilage that covers the articulating part of a bone) is of the type called hyaline (glasslike) because thin sections of it are translucent, even transparent. Unlike bone, it is easily cut by a sharp knife. It is deformable but elastic, and it recovers its shape quickly when the ...
- articular nerve
- (from the article "joint") The sources of nerve fibres to a joint conform well to Hilton's law-the nerves to the muscles acting on a joint give branches to that joint as well as to the skin over the area of action of these muscles. Thus, the knee joint is supplied by branches from the ...
- Articulata
- (from the article "lamp shells") The Articulata, diverse and most numerous from Ordovician times to the present, were, in the Cambrian, represented by several specialized forms. Articulate evolution tended toward shell elaboration for bottom dwelling and perfection of feeding mechanisms from the simple looped lophophore to the elaborate lobate and spiral forms. The Orthida, the ...
- articulated rear axle
- (from the article "automobile") Articulated rear axles offer individual wheel suspension at the rear as well as the front. Individual rear suspension not only eliminates the heavy rear axle housing but also permits lowered bodies with no floor humps, because the transmission and differential gears can be combined in a housing mounted on a ...
- articulated vehicle
- (from the article "bus") Articulated buses were first used in Europe in the 1950s. In this arrangement a trailer body is connected to the rear of a conventional front-engine bus by means of a hitch, a flexible diaphragm, and a continuous floor panel with arcuate mating surfaces during turn maneuvers. This arrangement permits up ...
- articulation
- (from the article "education") In the classroom, it is the aim of the lessons to introduce new conceptions, to bind them together, and to order them. Herbart speaks of "articulation," a systematic method of constructing correct, or moral, idea masses in the student's mind. First the student becomes involved in a particular problem; then ...
- articulation
- in phonetics, a configuration of the vocal tract (the larynx and the pharyngeal, oral, and nasal cavities) resulting from the positioning of the mobile organs of the vocal tract (e.g., tongue) relative to other parts of the vocal tract that may be rigid (e.g., hard palate). This configuration modifies an ... [2 Related Articles]
- articulo de costumbres
- (from the article "Spanish literature") ...Romanticism, contributing to both Romanticism and the later realism movement through realistic prose. The cuadro de costumbres and articulo de costumbres-short literary sketches on customs, manners, or character-were two types of costumbrista writing, typically...
- artifact
- (from the article "archaeology") The archaeologist is first a descriptive worker: he has to describe, classify, and analyze the artifacts he studies. An adequate and objective taxonomy is the basis of all archaeology, and many good archaeologists spend their lives in this activity of description and classification. But the main aim of the archaeologist ...
- Artificers, Statute of
- (from the article "apprenticeship") ...given to the sons of guild members or the sons of wealthy acquaintances. Responding to these improprieties, the English government tried to define the conditions of apprenticeship with the Statute of Artificers of 1563, which attempted to limit exclusionary practices and to ensure adequate labour.
- artificial aging
- (from the article "metallurgy") ...than the equilibrium concentration. This produces what is known as solid-solution hardening, but the alloy can usually be hardened appreciably more by aging to allow a very fine precipitate to form. Aging is done at an elevated temperature that is still well below the temperature at which the precipitate will ...
- artificial biology
- (from the article "control theory") The advancement of technology (artificial biology) and the deeper understanding of the processes of biology (natural technology) has given reason to hope that the two can be combined; man-made devices should be substituted for some natural functions. Examples are the artificial heart or kidney, nerve-controlled prosthetics, and control of brain ...
- artificial corundum
- (from the article "corundum") In most industrial applications corundum has been replaced by synthetic materials such as alumina, an aluminum oxide made from bauxite. Artificial corundum may be produced as a specialty product, as for gem use, by slow accretion and controlled growth on a boule in an oxyhydrogen flame. This procedure is known ...
- artificial flavouring
- (from the article "flavouring") Imitation, artificial extracts, essences, and flavours are prepared by bringing into solution with alcohol, glycerol, or propylene glycol various synthetic flavouring agents to formulate an extract, essence, or flavour with the likeness of the flavour of the fruit, spirit, or liqueur for which it is named. These preparations cover a ...
- artificial heart
- device that maintains blood circulation and oxygenation in the human body for varying periods of time. The two main types of artificial hearts are the heart-lung machine and the mechanical heart.
- artificial induction
- (from the article "earthquake") Earthquakes are sometimes caused by human activities, including the injection of fluids into deep wells, the detonation of large underground nuclear explosions, the excavation of mines, and the filling of large reservoirs. In the case of deep mining, the removal of rock produces changes in the strain around the tunnels. ...
- artificial insemination
- the introduction of semen into the vagina or cervix of a female by any method other than sexual intercourse. The procedure has become widely used in animal breeding and for the impregnation of women whose husbands are sterile or impotent. [8 Related Articles]
- artificial intelligence
- the ability of a digital computer or computer-controlled robot to perform tasks commonly associated with intelligent beings. The term is frequently applied to the project of developing systems endowed with the intellectual processes characteristic of humans, such as the ability to reason, discover meaning, generalize, or learn from past experience. ... [17 Related Articles]
- artificial intelligence programming language
- a computer language developed expressly for implementing artificial intelligence (AI) research. In the course of their work on the Logic Theorist and GPS, two early AI programs, Allen Newell and J. Clifford Shaw of the Rand Corporation and Herbert Simon of Carnegie Mellon University developed their Information Processing Language (IPL), ...
- artificial intelligence, situated approach
- method of achieving artificial intelligence (AI). Traditional AI has by and large attempted to build disembodied intelligences whose only interaction with the world has been indirect (CYC, for example). Nouvelle AI, on the other hand, attempts to build embodied intelligences situated in the real world-a method that has come to ... [1 Related Articles]
- artificial lift
- (from the article "petroleum production") ...end. In addition, many oil reservoirs enter production with a formation pressure high enough to push the oil into the well but not up to the surface through the tubing. In these cases, some means of "artificial lift" must be installed. The most common installation uses a pump at the ...
- artificial limb
- (from the article "amputation") ...gained in World War II of early and thorough treatment of the severely injured, particularly through the use of blood and plasma, has saved many extremities. Furthermore, modern prostheses (artificial parts), particularly for amputations in the lower extremity, have reduced the handicap for the amputee. The congenital amputee seldom requires ...
- artificial organ
- any machine, device, or other material that is used to replace the functions of a faulty or missing organ or other part of the human body. Artificial organs include the artificial heart and pacemaker (qq.v.), the use of dialysis (q.v.) to perform kidney functions, and the use of artificial substitutes ...
- artificial perception
- (from the article "artificial intelligence") At present, artificial perception is sufficiently well advanced to enable optical sensors to identify individuals, autonomous vehicles to drive at moderate speeds on the open road, and robots to roam through buildings collecting empty soda cans. One of the earliest systems to integrate perception and action was FREDDY, a stationary ...
- artificial reality
- (from the article "virtual reality") ...to entertainment. Beginning in 1969, Myron Krueger of the University of Wisconsin created a series of projects on the nature of human creativity in virtual environments, which he later called artificial reality. Much of Krueger's work, especially his VIDEOPLACE system, processed interactions between a participant's digitized image and computer-generated graphical ...
- artificial respiration
- breathing induced by some manipulative technique when natural respiration has ceased or is faltering. Such techniques, if applied quickly and properly, can prevent some deaths from drowning, choking, strangulation, suffocation, carbon monoxide poisoning, and electric shock. Resuscitation by inducing artificial respiration consists chiefly of two actions: (1) establishing and maintaining ...
- artificial sweetener
- (from the article "nutritional disease") ...(decay-causing) potential. Eating sugary or starchy foods between meals, especially sticky foods that stay on the teeth longer, increases the time that teeth are exposed to destructive acids. Artificial sweeteners are not cariogenic, and xylitol, a sugar alcohol used in some chewing gums, is even cariostatic, i.e., it reduces new ...
- artificial turf
- (from the article "baseball") ...playing field is traditionally covered with grass, except for the pitcher's circle, or mound, the base paths, the adjacent infield from first to third base, and the home plate area. The use of an artificial turf, first known as astroturf, was commonplace in the 1970s and '80s, and it is ...
- Artigas
- (from the article "Miro, Joan") ...scattered with symbols of the elements and the cosmos, expressing the happy collaboration of everything creative. During the last year of the war (1944), Miro, together with his potter friend Jose Llorens Artigas, produced ceramics with a new impetuosity of expression: their vessels were often intentionally misshapen and fragmented.
- Artigas
- city and river port, northwestern Uruguay. The city lies along the Cuareim River (Quarai River in Brazil) across from Quarai, Brazil, in the Santa Ana Hills (Santana Hills in Brazil). It was founded in 1852 as San Eugenio and was renamed in honour of Jose Gervasio Artigas, the national hero ...
- Artigas, Jose Gervasio
- soldier and revolutionary leader who is regarded as the father of Uruguayan independence, although that goal was not attained until several years after he had been forced into exile. [2 Related Articles]
- artillery
- in military science, crew-served big guns, howitzers, or mortars having a calibre greater than that of small arms, or infantry weapons. Rocket launchers are also commonly categorized as artillery, since rockets perform much the same function as artillery projectiles, but the term artillery is more properly limited to large gun-type ... [13 Related Articles]
- Artillery Ground
- (from the article "cricket") ...is dated 1744. Sources suggest that cricket was limited to the southern counties of England during the early 18th century, but its popularity grew and eventually spread to London, notably to the Artillery Ground, Finsbury, which saw a famous match between Kent and All-England in 1744. Heavy betting and disorderly ...
- artillery plant
- (from the article "Pilea") Especially popular are the artillery plant (P. microphylla), with fine fernlike foliage and anthers that forcefully expel their pollen when mature; aluminum plant, or watermelon pilea (P. cadierei), with silvery markings on glossy dark green leaves; and friendship plant, or panamiga (P. involucrata), with quilted bronzy leaves.Urticaceae
- Artin, Emil
- Austro-German mathematician who made fundamental contributions to class field theory, notably the general law of reciprocity. [1 Related Articles]
- Artinian, Artine
- Bulgarian-born American literary scholar (b. Dec. 8, 1907, Pazardzhik, Bulg.-d. Nov. 19, 2005, Lantana, Fla.), was a renowned French literature scholar. Artinian translated and edited The Complete Short Stories of Guy de Maupassant (1955), considered by many to be the definitive English-language edition of the great French writer's stories. He ...
- Artinskian Stage
- third of the four stages of the Lower Permian (Cisuralian) Series, representing those rocks deposited during Artinskian time (284.4 million to 275.6 million years ago) in the Permian Period. Rocks of Artinskian time were deposited in marine environments. In its type area in the Ural region of Russia, these strata ... [1 Related Articles]
- artiodactyl
- any member of the mammalian order Artiodactyla, or even-toed ungulates, which includes the pigs (see table), peccaries, hippopotamuses, camels, chevrotains, deer, giraffes, pronghorn, antelopes, sheep (see table), goats (see table), and cattle (see [7 Related Articles]
- Artis Zoological Garden
- zoological garden founded in 1838 by the Royal Zoological Society of Holland. It occupies a 10-hectare (25-acre) site in Amsterdam and houses nearly 5,600 specimens of some 1,350 species. Heavily oriented toward scientific research, the zoo has an animal behaviour laboratory and an aquarium and is closely affiliated with a ...
- artisan
- (from the article "organized labour") ...was a complex phenomenon, rooted in distinctive structures of culture, community, and ideology as well as in craft identity. American workers of the Jacksonian era adhered to a conception of artisan republicanism, which celebrated producerist values and the republican ideals of the American Revolution. Counter to this vision ran the ...
- Artisans' Dwellings Act
- (from the article "United Kingdom") ...were allowed to engage in peaceful picketing and to do whatever would not be criminal if done by an individual. The Public Health Act of 1875 created a public health authority in every area; the Artizans' and Labourers' Dwellings Improvement Act of the same year enabled local authorities to embark ...
- artist
- (from the article "Native American art") The very use of the word art suggests one of the basic differences between European or European-derived and American Indian concepts. For not only did few Indian groups allow art to become a major way of life, as in the West, but many Native American languages even lack a term ...
- artist's fungus
- (from the article "Polyporales") ...wood decay and root rot of cacao, coffee, rubber, and other trees (Ganoderma); and diseases of birch and conifers (Polyporus). The white undersurface of artist's fungus (Fomes applanatus), which darkens when cut, has been used for etching.
relation to mushroomsmushroom...their age ...
- Artistes Independents, Societe des
- (from the article "Seurat, Georges") ...for his masterpiece, Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte. In December 1884 he exhibited the Baignade again, with the Societe des Artistes Independents, which was to be of immense influence in the development of modern art.history of art criticism
- Artistic Culture, Institute of
- (from the article "Kandinsky, Wassily") ...for Public Instruction. His autobiographical Ruckblicke ("Retrospect") was translated into Russian and published by the Moscow municipal authorities. In 1919 he created the Institute of Artistic Culture, became director of the Moscow Museum for Pictorial Culture, and helped to organize 22 museums across the Soviet Union. In 1920 he was ...
- artistic gymnastics
- (from the article "gymnastics") ...category; indeed, sports aerobics has recently been added to the disciplines sponsored by the International Gymnastics Federation. In contrast, nonutilitarian gymnastics is characterized by modern artistic gymnastics, the maneuvers of which are geared to beauty and not function. For example, in feudal Europe young men were taught to mount and ...
- Artists, Society of
- (from the article "Reynolds, Sir Joshua") There were no public exhibitions of contemporary artists in London before 1760, when Reynolds helped found the Society of Artists and the first of many successful exhibitions was held. The patronage of George III was sought, and in 1768 the Royal Academy was founded. Although Reynolds' painting had found no ...
- Artocarpus communis
- (from the article "breadfruit") fruit of either of two closely related trees belonging to the family Moraceae. One of these, Artocarpus communis, also called A. incisa or A. altilis, provides a staple food of the South Pacific. The tree grows 12 to 18 metres (40 to 60 feet) high and has large, oval, glossy ...
- Artois
- historic and cultural region encompassing most of the northern French departement of Pas-de-Calais and coextensive with the former province of Artois. [5 Related Articles]
- Artot, Desiree
- Belgian mezzo-soprano, member of a famous family of musicians. Acclaimed in France as an opera singer, she suddenly married (1869) the Spanish baritone Mariano Padilla y Ramos (1842-1906) while briefly engaged to Tchaikovsky. Her daughter Lola Artot de Padilla (1885-1933), a soprano whom she trained, became a prima donna with ...
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