| | - Arpad dynasty
- rulers of Hungary from the late 9th century until 1301, under whom the Hungarian nation was transformed from a confederation of Hungarian tribes into a powerful state of east-central Europe. The dynasty was named after Arpad (d. 907), who was chosen by seven Hungarian tribes to lead them westward from ... [2 Related Articles]
- arpilleras
- (from the article "Latin American art") ...crackdown under Augusto Pinochet, women commemorated the lives of loved ones beaten, jailed, or "disappeared" with fabric remnants stitched on burlap, known as arpilleras ("burlaps"). Another form developed in the Central Andes, where tourist enthusiasm created a market for Indian textiles and portable wooden altars. In the...made ...
- Arpino
- town, Lazio (Latium) regione, central Italy, on two hills 1,476 feet (450 m) above sea level, just east of the city of Frosinone.
- Arpino, Gerald
- American ballet choreographer, a leader of the Joffrey Ballet from its founding in 1956 until 2007. [1 Related Articles]
- Arpino, Giovanni
- (from the article "Italian literature") ...handles fictional characters (Famiglia [1977; Family]), or ventures into historical biography (La famiglia Manzoni [1983; The Manzoni Family]). Giovanni Arpino excelled at personal sympathies that cross cultural boundaries (La suora giovane [1959; The Novice] and Il fratello italiano [1980; "The...
- Arqalyq
- city, north-central Kazakhstan, about 75 miles (120 km) west of Lake Tengiz. Settlement of the site began in 1956 in connection with the exploitation of the Torghay bauxite deposits, and it became a city in 1965. Arqalyq is linked to the Astana-Tobyl railway by a branch line from Yesil. In ...
- Arrabal, Fernando
- Spanish-born French absurdist playwright, novelist, and filmmaker. Arrabal's dramatic and fictional world is often violent, cruel, and pornographic. [1 Related Articles]
- Arrabbiati
- (from the article "Savonarola, Girolamo") Savonarola's triumph was too great and too sudden not to give rise to jealousy and suspicion. A Florentine party called the Arrabbiati was formed in opposition to him. These internal enemies formed an alliance with powerful foreign forces, foremost of which were the Duke of Milan and the Pope, who ...
- Arrabida Highway Bridge
- in Porto, Port., bridge (completed in 1963) spanning the gorge of the Douro River. The bridge carries a roadway 82 feet (25 m) wide, supported 170 feet (52 m) above the river; its overall length of 1,617 feet (493 m) includes a reinforced-concrete arch 885 feet (270 m) long, one ...
- arraignment
- in Anglo-American law, first encounter of an accused person with the court prior to trial, wherein he is brought to the bar and the charges against him are read. The accused usually enters a plea of guilt or innocence. If he chooses not to plead, a plea of not guilty ...
- Arraiolos rug
- embroidered floor covering made at Arraiolos, north of Evora in Portugal. The technique is a form of cross-stitch that completely covers the linen cloth foundation. Today most rugs are made as a cottage industry by the women of Arraiolos.
- Arrais, Amador
- (from the article "Portuguese literature") ...a pastoral dialogue on the sufferings of the Jewish people; Heitor Pinto with his Imagem da vida Crista (part I 1563, part II 1572; "Image of the Christian Life"); Amador Arrais with his 10 Dialogos (1589; "Dialogues") on religious and other topics; and Tome de Jesus with his mystic and ...
- Arran
- largest island in the North Ayrshire council area and the historic county of Buteshire, western Scotland, on the Atlantic coast at the mouth of the Firth of Clyde. Arran is approximately 20 miles (32 km) long and has a mean breadth of 9 miles (14 km) and an area of ... [1 Related Articles]
- Arran, James Hamilton, 1st earl of
- son of James, 1st Lord Hamilton, and of Mary, daughter of James II of Scotland; he was created earl of Arran in 1503 on the occasion of the marriage of James IV to Margaret Tudor.
- Arran, James Hamilton, 2nd earl of, Duc De Chatelherault
- earl of Arran who was heir presumptive to the throne after the accession of Mary Stuart in 1542 and was appointed her governor and tutor.
- Arran, James Hamilton, 3rd earl of
- earl of Arran who was twice considered as a husband both for Mary Stuart and for Henry VIII's daughter Elizabeth (afterward Elizabeth I). During his childhood these projects arose from his father's ambitions; later, when he had returned from commanding the Scots guards in France (1554-59) and had joined the ...
- Arran, James Stewart, earl of
- cousin of the 3rd earl, whose honours he claimed and for a short time legally enjoyed, from 1581 to 1585. [1 Related Articles]
- Arran, Thomas Boyd, earl of
- (from the article "Boyd, Robert Boyd, 1st Lord") Boyd's son Thomas Boyd, earl of Arran (d. c. 1473), was in Denmark when his father was overthrown. However, he fulfilled his mission, that of bringing the king's bride, Margaret, to Scotland, and then, warned by his wife, escaped to the continent of Europe. He is mentioned very eulogistically in ...
- arranged marriage
- (from the article "family") In general, modern marriage is best-described as a voluntary union, usually between a man and a woman (although there are still vestiges of the arranged marriage that once flourished in eastern Europe and Asia). The emancipation of women in the 19th and 20th centuries changed marriage dramatically, particularly in connection ...
- arrangement
- in music, traditionally, any adaptation of a composition to fit a medium other than that for which it was originally written, while at the same time retaining the general character of the original. The word was frequently used interchangeably with transcription, although the latter carried the connotation of elaboration of ... [4 Related Articles]
- Arras
- town, capital of Pas-de-Calais departement, Nord-Pas-de-Calais region, former capital of Artois, northern France, on the Scarpe River, southwest of Lille. Of Gallo-Roman origin, it was the chief town (Nemetacum or Nemetocenna) of the Atrebates, one of the last Gallic peoples to surrender to Caesar. The woollen industry dates from the ... [2 Related Articles]
- Arras lace
- bobbin lace made at Arras, Fr., from the 17th century onward and similar to that of Lille. Although Arras was known for its gold lace, its popularity rested on its exceptionally pure-white lace, stronger than Lille but with similar floral patterns. Arras lace was worn at the coronation (1714) of ...
- Arras, Battle of
- (from the article "World War I") This baffling and unexpected German withdrawal dislocated Nivelle's plan, but, unperturbed by warnings from all quarters about the changed situation, Nivelle insisted on carrying it out. The Battle of Arras, with which the British started the offensive on April 9, 1917, began well enough for the attackers, thanks to much-improved ...
- Arras, Mathieu d'
- (from the article "Bohemian school") ...Castle) and the St. Vitus' Cathedral, both in Prague. The cathedral and parts of Karlstejn Castle were begun according to routine French design by the Flemish master mason Mathieu d'Arras; when Mathieu died in 1352 the work on both buildings was taken over by the influential German architect Petr Parler, ...
- Arras, treaties of
- (from the article "Burgundy") ...1435. John was assassinated in 1419, and his son Philip III (the Good) continued the struggle against the Armagnacs and threw his support to the English during the Hundred Years' War. The Treaty of Arras (1435), which established peace between Burgundy and Charles VII of France, added greatly to the ...
- Arras, Union of
- (from the article "Low Countries, history of") ...of movements toward "closer unions," which within the whole of the United Netherlands were to bring about greater community of interests between certain provinces. On Jan. 6, 1579, the Union of Arras (Artois) was formed in the south among Artois, Hainaut, and the town of Douay, based on the Pacification ...
- arrastra
- (from the article "arrastra") crude drag-stone mill for pulverizing ores such as those containing silver or gold or their compounds. See patio process.use in patio processpatio processThe silver ore was crushed
- Arrate y Acosta, Jose Martin Felix de
- (from the article "Latin American literature") Jose Martin Felix de Arrate y Acosta finished his Llave del Nuevo Mundo, antemural de las Indias Occidentales: La Habana descripta ("Key to the New World, Holding Wall of the Indies: Havana Described") in 1761, though it was first published in 1827. Alongside his defense of Creoles ...
- arrau
- large and somewhat flat freshwater turtle with a neck that does not retract but instead can be tucked to the side and concealed beneath the shell (see side-necked turtle). Of the several South American Podocnemis species, arrau generally refers to the largest, P. expansa of northern South America. [2 Related Articles]
- Arrau, Claudio
- Chilean-born American pianist, regarded as one of the 20th century's most renowned performers.
- array
- (from the article "computer programming language") The most important compound data structures are the array, a homogeneous collection of data, and the record, a heterogeneous collection. An array may represent a vector of numbers, a list of strings, or a collection of vectors (an array of arrays, or mathematical matrix). A record might store employee information-name, ...
- array
- (from the article "Some important radio telescopes") The world's most powerful radio telescope, in its combination of sensitivity, resolution, and versatility, is the U.S. Very Large Array (VLA) located on the Plains of San Agustin near Socorro, in central New Mexico. The VLA consists of 27 parabolic antennas, each measuring 25 metres (82 feet) in diameter. The ...
- array
- (from the article "solar cell") Solar cells can be arranged into large groupings called arrays. These arrays, composed of many thousands of individual cells, can function as central electric power stations, converting sunlight into electrical energy for distribution to industrial, commercial, and residential users. Solar cells in much smaller configurations, commonly referred to as solar ...
- Array, Commissons of
- (from the article "United Kingdom") ...they appeared. In the task of curbing the old nobility, the king was immeasurably helped by the high aristocratic death rate during the Wars of the Roses; but where war left off, policy took over. Commissions of Array composed of local notables were appointed by the crown for each county ...
- Arre, Lake
- (from the article "Denmark") ...in east-central Jutland, through the Silkeborg Lakes (Silkeborg Langso) and then northeast to empty in the Randers Fjord on the east coast. There are many small lakes; the largest is Arreso on Zealand. Large lagoons have formed behind the coastal dunes in the west, such as at the Ringkobing and ...
- arrector pili
- (from the article "integument") A small muscle, the arrector pili, is attached to each hair follicle, with the exception of the small follicles that produce only fine vellus hairs. If this muscle contracts, the hair becomes more erect and the follicle is dragged upward. This creates a protuberance on the skin surface, producing the ...
- Arree Mountains
- (from the article "Brittany") Brittany belongs to the ancient uplands of the Armorican Massif and is generally low-lying, with a mean elevation of 341 feet (104 metres). The Aulne Basin separates the heights of the Arree Mountains (1,260 feet [384 metres]) in the north and the Noires Mountains (1,001 feet [305 metres]) in the ...
- Arreola, Juan Jose
- Mexican short-fiction writer and humorist who was a master of brief subgenres, such as the short story, the epigram, and the sketch. He published only one novel, La feria (1963; The Fair). His collection of stories Confabulario (1952) has been reprinted ... [1 Related Articles]
- arrest
- placing of a person in custody or under restraint, usually for the purpose of compelling obedience to the law. If the arrest occurs in the course of criminal procedure, the purpose of the restraint is to hold the person for answer to a criminal charge or to prevent him from ... [1 Related Articles]
- Arrest, Heinrich Louis d'
- German astronomer who, while a student at the Berlin Observatory, hastened the discovery of Neptune by suggesting comparison of the sky, in the region indicated by Urbain Le Verrier's calculations, with a recently prepared star chart. The planet was found the same night. [1 Related Articles]
- arrestable offense
- (from the article "crime") ...amount stolen, obtaining by fraud was always a misdemeanour. Efforts to abolish the distinction in English law did not succeed until the late 1960s, when it was replaced by the distinction between arrestable offenses and other offenses. An arrestable offense was one punishable with five years' imprisonment or more, though ...
- arrested growth, line of
- (from the article "dinosaur") ...a continual source of nutrients and minerals to the growing tissues. It is difficult to explain these histological features in any other metabolic terms. On the other hand, most dinosaurs retain lines of arrested growth (LAGs) in most of their long bones. LAGs are found in other reptiles, amphibians, and ...
- arresting gear
- (from the article "naval ship") Aircraft carrier operation required three elements: a means of launching from the ship, a means of recovering aircraft aboard ship, and a means of stowage. Landing aircraft were caught by arresting wires strung across the deck that engaged a hook fastened under the planes' tails. Originally, arresting wires were needed ...
- arret
- (from the article "Parlement") ...enlarged the competence of the curia in parlemento, which also could serve politically to strengthen the royal power by means of its arrets (final decisions), since these expressed the king's law with incontestable authority.
- Arrhenatherum
- (from the article "oat grass") any of the perennial plants of two genera of grasses, Arrhenatherum and Danthonia (family Poaceae). Approximately six species of tall grasses, native to temperate Europe and Asia, constitute the genus Arrhenatherum. Tall oat grass (A. elatius), which has been introduced into various countries as a pasture grass, grows wild in ...
- Arrhenius equation
- mathematical expression that describes the effect of temperature on the velocity of a chemical reaction, the basis of all predictive expressions used for calculating reaction-rate constants. In the Arrhenius equation, k is the reaction-rate constant, A and E are numerical constants characteristic of the reacting substances, R is the thermodynamic ... [2 Related Articles]
- Arrhenius theory
- theory, introduced in 1887 by the Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius, that acids are substances that dissociate in water to yield electrically charged atoms or molecules, called ions, one of which is a hydrogen ion (H+), and that bases ionize in water to yield hydroxide ions (OH−). It is now known ... [2 Related Articles]
- Arrhenius, Svante August
- Swedish physicist and physical chemist known for his theory of electrolytic dissociation and his model of the greenhouse effect. In 1903 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Chemistry. [6 Related Articles]
- arrhenotoky
- (from the article "hymenopteran") Parthenogenesis, which occurs in many insect orders, is particularly common in the Hymenoptera and can occur in three forms: arrhenotoky, thelytoky, and deuterotoky. In arrhenotoky, males are produced from unfertilized eggs laid by mated (impregnated) females or by so-called secondary, or supplementary, queens, which have not been impregnated. In thelytoky, ...
- arrhythmia
- variation from the normal rate or regularity of the heartbeat, usually resulting from irregularities within the conduction system of the heart. Arrhythmias occur in both normal and diseased hearts and have no medical significance in and of themselves, although they may endanger heart function when coupled with other cardiac abnormalities. [7 Related Articles]
- Arriaga, Camilo
- (from the article "Mexico") ...idealistic student activism. For leading a small demonstration against the reelection of Diaz in 1892, he was jailed for the first of many times. The group's movement took form in 1900, when Camilo Arriaga, a well-to-do engineer in San Luis Potosi, organized first a club and then a small party ...
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