| | - Arnold, Samuel
- composer whose 180-part edition of George Frideric Handel (1787-97), although unfinished and deemed defective by later scholarship, was the earliest attempt to publish a composer's complete works.
- Arnold, Sir Edwin
- poet and journalist, best known as the author of The Light of Asia (1879), an epic poem in an elaborately Tennysonian blank verse that describes, through the mouth of an "imaginary Buddhist votary," the life and teachings of the Buddha. Pearls of the Faith (1883), on Islam, ...
- Arnold, Sir Malcolm Henry
- British musician, composer, and conductor (b. Oct. 21, 1921, Northampton, Eng.-d. Sept. 23, 2006, Norwich, Eng.), was an accomplished composer of symphonies (9), ballets (7), operas (2), and concerti (more than 20), but he was better known to the general public for more than 130 film scores, notably Bridge on ... [3 Related Articles]
- Arnold, Thomas
- educator who, as headmaster of Rugby School, had much influence on public school education in England. He was the father of the poet and critic Matthew Arnold. [1 Related Articles]
- Arnold-Chiari malformation
- (from the article "nervous system disease") ...may be associated with projection of the vertebral column upward. This condition may also occur in association with bone diseases such as osteomalacia and Paget disease of bone in adulthood. In the Arnold-Chiari malformation, cerebellar or medullary tissue projects downward into the upper cervical spinal canal, causing cerebellar dysfunction, hydrocephalus, ...
- Arnoldist
- (from the article "Arnold of Brescia") Arnold's character was austere and his mode of life ascetic. His followers, known as Arnoldists, postulated an incompatibility between spiritual power and material possessions and rejected any temporal powers of the church. They were condemned in 1184 at the Synod of Verona, Republic of Venice. Arnold's personality has been distorted ...
- Arnoldson, Klas Pontus
- politician who figured prominently in solving the problems of the Norwegian-Swedish Union. He was the cowinner (with Fredrik Bajer) of the Nobel Prize for Peace in 1908.
- Arnolfo Di Cambio
- Italian sculptor and architect whose works embody the transition between the late Gothic and Renaissance architectural sensibilities. [2 Related Articles]
- Arnon, Daniel
- (from the article "photosynthesis") ...oxygen from water in the presence of light and a chemical compound, such as ferric oxalate, able to serve as an electron acceptor. This process is known as the Hill reaction. During the 1950s Daniel Arnon and other American biochemists prepared plant cell fragments in which not only the Hill ...
- Arnost of Pardubice
- (from the article "Czechoslovak region, history of") John and Charles benefited from friendly relations with the popes at Avignon. In 1344 Clement VI elevated the see of Prague and made Arnost of Pardubice its first archbishop. Clement VI also promoted the election, in 1346, of Charles as the king of the Romans. In Bohemia, Charles ruled by ...
- Arnould, Sophie
- (from the article "Belanger, Francois-Joseph") Belanger was an unusually adept manipulator of social connections. He became the lover of Sophie Arnould, the prima donna of the Paris Opera, and through her met his most important patron, the Comte d'Artois, Louis XVI's youngest brother, who commissioned both the gardens of Beloeil (in Belgium) and Bagatelle. Belanger ...
- Arnoux's beaked whale
- (from the article "bottlenose whale") Arnoux's beaked whale (Berardius arnuxii) and Baird's beaked whale (B. bairdii) are commonly called giant bottlenose whales. These are the largest of all the beaked whales, measuring about 13 metres long. The two species are very closely related, differing only slightly in anatomy. Both have two pairs of large triangular ...
- Arnow, Harriette
- American novelist, social historian, short-story writer, and essayist, known primarily for the novel The Dollmaker (1954), the story of a Kentucky hill family that moves north to Detroit during World War II. Arnow is an important writer who is often overlooked because of her regionalist approach to ...
- Arnsberg
- city, North Rhine-Westphalia Land (state), western Germany. It lies along a loop of the Ruhr River, east of Iserlohn. Situated between wooded mountains and known as the Pearl of the Sauerland (southern land of Westphalia), Arnsberg is a popular spa and summer resort. The city originated in ...
- Arnstadt
- city, Thuringia Land (state), central Germany. It lies along the Gera River, at the northern edge of the Thuringian Forest, just southwest of Erfurt city. First mentioned in 704 and chartered in 1266, Arnstadt was bought in 1306 from the abbey of Hersfeld by the counts of Schwarzburg, who lived ...
- Arnulf
- (from the article "Henry I") ...of Burchard, duke of Swabia (919), he allowed the duke to retain control over the civil administration of the duchy. On the basis of an election by Bavarian and East Frankish nobles (919), Arnulf, duke of Bavaria, also claimed the German throne. In 921, after two military campaigns, the king ...
- Arnulf
- duke of Carinthia who deposed his uncle, the Holy Roman emperor Charles III the Fat, and became king of Germany, later briefly wearing the crown of the emperor. [6 Related Articles]
- Arnulf
- (from the article "Major rulers of France") ...and adviser, Gerbert became involved in Hugh's resistance to Charles's attempt to dethrone him. Before Adalbero died, in January 989, he indicated Gerbert as his successor, but Hugh unwisely chose Arnulf, an illegitimate son of King Lothar. In September Arnulf betrayed Reims to Charles, his uncle, who forced Gerbert to ...
- Arnulf I
- count of Flanders (918-958, 962-965) and son of Baldwin II. [1 Related Articles]
- Arnulf III
- (from the article "Robert I") ...widow, appealed to Philip I of France. The contest was decided at Ravenshoven, near Kassel, on February 22, 1071, where Robert was victorious. Richilde was taken prisoner, and her eldest son, Arnulf III, was slain. Robert obtained from Philip I the investiture of Crown Flanders and from Henry IV the ...
- Arnulf of Chocques
- Latin patriarch of Jerusalem in 1099 and again from 1112 until his death. Accompanying the First Crusade as chaplain to Robert I, duke of Normandy, Arnulf won fame as a preacher. Elected patriarch on August 1, 1099, he forced all local Christians to conform with the Latin rite. After Christmas ... [1 Related Articles]
- Arnulf of Metz, Saint
- bishop of Metz and, with Pippin I, the earliest known ancestor of Charlemagne. [1 Related Articles]
- Arnulfista Party
- (from the article "Panama") ...In 1998 a referendum was defeated that would have allowed Perez Balladares to seek reelection. This opened the door to Mireya Moscoso Rodriguez, widow of Arnulfo Arias, and to the Arnulfista Party's successful campaign in the 1999 elections. Taking office in September 1999, Panama's first woman president pledged nonpartisan administration ...
- Arnuwandas I
- (from the article "Anatolia") Tudhaliyas II was succeeded by his son Arnuwandas I, who was under attack from all directions: even Hattusas, the capital, was burned down. Arzawa became independent; letters to its king have been found in the archives at Tell el-Amarna in Egypt. Arnuwandas' son Tudhaliyas III seems to have spent most ...
- Arnuwandas II
- (from the article "Anatolia") ...Alternatively, she may have been Meritaton, daughter of Akhenaton and widow of his successor Smenkhkare. Shortly afterward Suppiluliumas himself died of a pestilence. His eldest son and successor, Arnuwandas II, also died, and the throne descended to the young and inexperienced Mursilis II.
- Arnuwandas III
- (from the article "Arzawa") ...king, Tarkhundaradu, corresponded with Amenhotep III of Egypt in the 14th century BC. It was later reconquered by the Hittite Mursilis II (1339-06 BC). During the reign of the Hittite king Arnuwandas III (1220-1190 BC), Arzawa was seized by a disloyal Hittite vassal, Madduwattas; it was never recaptured by the ...
- Aro
- (from the article "Arochukwu") town, Abia state, southern Nigeria. It lies along the road from Calabar to Umuahia. Arochukwu was the headquarters of the Aro, an Igbo (Ibo) subgroup that dominated southeastern Nigeria in the 18th and 19th centuries. It was the seat of the sacred Chuku shrine, the source of a much-feared oracle ...
- Aroandas
- (from the article "Iran, ancient") ...in 373 failed against the native Egyptian 30th dynasty. On the heels of this failure came the revolt of the satraps, or provincial governors. Several satraps rose against the central power, and one, Aroandas (Orontes), a satrap of Armenia, went so far as to stamp his own gold coinage as ...
- Arochukwu
- town, Abia state, southern Nigeria. It lies along the road from Calabar to Umuahia. Arochukwu was the headquarters of the Aro, an Igbo (Ibo) subgroup that dominated southeastern Nigeria in the 18th and 19th centuries. It was the seat of the sacred Chuku shrine, the source of a much-feared oracle ...
- Arolla pine
- (from the article "Alps") ...lack of moisture, and high winds, larch can grow as high as 8,200 feet and are found interspersed with spruce at lower elevations. At the upper limits of the forests are hardy species such as the Arolla pine that generally do not grow below the 5,000-foot level; this slow-growing tree ...
- Aromanian
- (from the article "Romanian language") ...spoken primarily in Romania and Moldova. Four principal dialects may be distinguished: Daco-Romanian, the basis of the standard language, spoken in Romania and Moldova in several regional variants; Aromanian, or Macedo-Romanian, spoken in scattered communities in Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Kosovo, and Serbia; Megleno-Romanian, a nearly extinct dialect of northern Greece; ...
- aromatic acid
- (from the article "carboxylic acid") Aromatic acids include compounds that contain a COOH group bonded to an aromatic ring. The simplest aromatic acid is benzoic acid.benzoic acidphthalic acidterephthalic acid
- aromatic compound
- any of a large class of unsaturated chemical compounds characterized by one or more planar rings of atoms joined by covalent bonds of two different kinds. The unique stability of these compounds is referred to as aromaticity. Although the term aromatic originally concerned odour, today its use in chemistry is ... [18 Related Articles]
- aromatic geranium
- (from the article "geranium") ...forms in garden culture and in pots indoors. Ivy, or hanging, geraniums (P. peltatum) are grown as basket plants indoors and out; they are also used as ground covers in warm areas. The aromatic, or scented-leaved, geraniums are found in several species, including P. abrotanifolium, P. capitatum, P. citrosum, P. ...
- aromatic ring
- (from the article "chemical compound") ...to molecules that contain a functional group composed of three pairs of doubly bonded atoms (usually all carbon atoms) bonded together in the shape of a regular planar (flat) hexagon. The hexagonal ring is usually drawn with an alternating sequence of single and double bonds. The molecule benzene, C6H6, first ...
- aromatic sandalwood
- (from the article "sandalwood") any semiparasitic plant of the genus Santalum (family Santalaceae), especially the fragrant wood of the true, or white, sandalwood, Santalum album. The approximately 10 species of Santalum are distributed throughout southeastern Asia and the islands of the South Pacific.economic importanceSantalaceaeThe ...
- aromatic series
- (from the article "petroleum") The aromatic series has the general formula CnH2n - 6 and is an unsaturated closed-ring series. Its most common member, benzene (C6H6), is present in all crude oils, but the aromatics as a series generally constitute only a small percentage of most crudes.
- Aron, Raymond
- French sociologist, historian, and political commentator known for his skepticism of ideological orthodoxies.
- Aroostook
- county, northern Maine, U.S. It is bordered by Quebec, Can., to the west and northwest and by New Brunswick, Can., to the north and east. The northern boundary is defined by the St. Francis and St. John rivers. The county is a hilly highland region with numerous streams and lakes. ... [3 Related Articles]
- Aroostook War
- (1838-39), bloodless conflict over the disputed boundary between the U.S. state of Maine and the British Canadian province of New Brunswick. The peace treaty of 1783 ending the American Revolution had left unclear the location of a supposed "highlands," or watershed, dividing the two areas. Negotiators from Britain and the ... [3 Related Articles]
- Arora
- (from the article "Sikhism") More than 60 percent of Sikhs belong to the Jat caste, which is a rural caste. The Khatri and Arora castes, both mercantile castes, form a very small minority, though they are influential within the Sikh community. Other castes represented among the Sikhs, in addition to the distinctive Sikh caste ...
- Arosa
- Alpine village, health resort, and winter sports centre, Graubunden canton, eastern Switzerland, on the Plessur River. The village, at an elevation of 5,689 feet (1,734 m), stretches along a wooded valley holding two small lakes, the Untersee and the Obersee, that are used for fishing, swimming, and boating in the ... [1 Related Articles]
- Arosa, Gustave
- (from the article "Gauguin, Paul") ...to France. At age 17 Gauguin enlisted in the merchant marine, and for six years he sailed around the world. His mother died in 1867, leaving legal guardianship of the family with the businessman Gustave Arosa, who, upon Gauguin's release from the merchant marine, secured a position for him as ...
- Arosemena Monroy, Carlos Julio
- Ecuadoran politician (b. Aug. 24, 1919, Guayaquil, Ecuador-d. March 5, 2004, Guayaquil), was installed as president of Ecuador after the military overthrew Pres. Jose Maria Velasco Ibarra in 1961. Arosemena, who rose from the post of vice president, was among the most dynamic and controversial presidents in the country's history. ...
- Arosi language
- (from the article "Austronesian languages") ...presents names for the numbers 1 to 10 in the Paiwan language of southeastern Taiwan, Cebuano Bisayan (Visayan) of the central Philippines, Javanese of western Indonesia, Malagasy of Madagascar, Arosi of the southeastern Solomon Islands in Melanesia, and Hawaiian.
- Arp, Halton Christian
- American astronomer noted for challenging the theory that red shifts of quasars indicate their great distance.
- Arp, Jean
- French sculptor, painter, and poet who was one of the leaders of the European avant-garde in the arts during the first half of the 20th century. [7 Related Articles]
- Arpa
- (from the article "Armenia") The Aras' main left-bank tributaries, the Akhuryan (130 miles), the Hrazdan (90 miles), the Arpa (80 miles), and the Vorotan (Bargyushad; 111 miles), serve to irrigate most of Armenia. The tributaries of the Kura-the Debed (109 miles), the Aghstev (80 miles), and others-pass through Armenia's northeastern regions....
- arpa
- (from the article "kobdas") ...or around its outer edges. When used for divination, the kobdas was beaten with a T- or Y-shaped hammer made of reindeer antler, which caused a triangular piece of bone or metal called an arpa to move along the surface of the drum. The arpa might be in the shape ...
- Arpad
- (from the article "Arpad dynasty") ...the late 9th century until 1301, under whom the Hungarian nation was transformed from a confederation of Hungarian tribes into a powerful state of east-central Europe. The dynasty was named after Arpad (d. 907), who was chosen by seven Hungarian tribes to lead them westward from their dwelling place on ...
- Arpad
- ancient city in northwestern Syria. Arpad is frequently mentioned in the Old Testament and in Assyrian texts. [4 Related Articles]
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