| | - Aristides Quintilianus
- Greek author of the treatise Peri musike (De musica, "On Music"). This three-volume work constitutes one of the principal sources of modern knowledge of ancient Greek music and its relationship to other disciplines. In the opening of book 1, the author compares music to other arts and ...
- Aristides The Just
- Athenian statesman and general and founder of the Delian League, which developed into the Athenian Empire. [1 Related Articles]
- Aristides, Aelius
- (from the article "panegyric") In the 2nd century AD, Aelius Aristides, a Greek rhetorician, combined praise of famous cities with eulogy of the reigning Roman emperor. By his time panegyric had probably become specialized in the latter connection and was, therefore, related to the old Roman custom of celebrating at festivals the glories of ...
- Aristippus
- philosopher who was one of Socrates' disciples and the founder of the Cyrenaic school of hedonism, the ethic of pleasure (see Cyrenaics). The first of Socrates' disciples to demand a salary for teaching philosophy, Aristippus believed that the good life rests upon the belief that among human values pleasure is ... [2 Related Articles]
- Aristo of Pella
- (from the article "patristic literature") ...Quadratus, who in about 124 addressed an apology for the faith to the emperor Hadrian; apart from a single fragment it is now lost. Other early Apologists who are mere names known to scholars are Aristo of Pella, the first to prepare an apology to counter Jewish objections, and Apollinaris, ...
- Aristobulus I
- Hasmonean (Maccabean) Hellenized king of Judaea (104-103 BC). [1 Related Articles]
- Aristobulus II
- last of the Hasmonean (Maccabean) kings of Judaea. [2 Related Articles]
- Aristobulus Of Paneas
- Jewish Hellenistic philosopher who, like his successor, Philo, attempted to fuse ideas in the Hebrew Scriptures with those in Greek thought. [1 Related Articles]
- aristocracy
- government by a relatively small privileged class or by a minority consisting of those felt to be best qualified to rule. [35 Related Articles]
- Aristodemus
- (from the article "Strabo") ...held important offices under Mithradates V (around 150-120 BC), as well as under Mithradates the Great, the opponent of Rome (132-63 BC). His first teacher was the master of rhetoric Aristodemus, a former tutor of the sons of Pompey (106-48 BC) in Nysa (now Sultanhisar in Turkey) on the Maeander. ...
- Aristogiton
- (from the article "Harmodius and Aristogiton") the tyrannoktonoi, or "tyrannicides," who according to popular, but erroneous, legend freed Athens from the Peisistratid tyrants. They were celebrated in drinking songs as the deliverers of the city, their descendants were entitled to free hospitality in the prytaneion ("town hall"), and their statues were set up in the agora. ...
- Aristolochiales
- (from the article "Magnoliidae") ...39 families, and approximately 12,000 species within the subclass Magnoliidae. The orders, arranged more or less from the most primitive to the most advanced, are Magnoliales, Laurales, Piperales, Aristolochiales, Illiciales, Nymphaeales, Ranunculales, and Papaverales. Such a linear sequence of orders does not imply, however, that one order has necessarily evolved ...
- Aristomenes
- traditional hero of an unsuccessful revolt against the Spartans by the Messenians, who had been enslaved by Sparta in the 8th century BC. Although Aristomenes is probably a historical figure, his career has been heavily overlaid with legend; the standard version makes him a leader of a rebellion about 650 ...
- Ariston of Alexandria
- (from the article "logic, history of") ...form A, the same premises will yield the corresponding conclusion of form I. So too with forms E and O. Such derived moods were not discussed by Aristotle; they seem to have been first recognized by Ariston of Alexandria (c. 50 BC). In the Middle Ages they were called "subalternate" ...
- Ariston Of Chios
- Greek philosopher who studied under Zeno, the founder of the Stoic school of philosophy; he combined Stoic and Cynic ideas in shaping his own beliefs. Ariston believed that the only topic of genuine value in philosophy is the study of ethics and went even further in claiming that only general ...
- Aristophanes
- the greatest representative of ancient Greek comedy and the one whose works have been preserved in greatest quantity. He is the only extant representative of the Old Comedy, that is, of the phase of comic dramaturgy in which chorus, mime, and burlesque still played a considerable part and which was ... [18 Related Articles]
- Aristophanes Of Byzantium
- Greek literary critic and grammarian who, after early study under leading scholars in Alexandria, was chief librarian there c. 195 BC. [3 Related Articles]
- Aristotelian criticism
- (from the article "literary criticism") In his Poetics-still the most respected of all discussions of literature-Aristotle countered Plato's indictment by stressing what is normal and useful about literary art. The tragic poet is not so much divinely inspired as he is motivated by a universal human need to imitate, and what he imitates is not ...
- Aristotelianism
- the philosophy of Aristotle and of those later philosophical movements based on his thought. [46 Related Articles]
- Aristotle
- ancient Greek philosopher and scientist, one of the greatest intellectual figures of Western history. He was the author of a philosophical and scientific system that became the framework and vehicle for both Christian Scholasticism and medieval Islamic philosophy. Even after the intellectual revolutions of the Renaissance, the Reformation, and the ... [167 Related Articles]
- Aristotle's lantern
- (from the article "echinoderm") ...with the anus on the oral or aboral surface of the body. In regular and some irregular echinoids, the mouth is equipped with five teeth operated by a complex system of plates and muscles called Aristotle's lantern.sea urchinssea urchin...on the ...
- Aristoxenus
- Greek Peripatetic philosopher, the first authority for musical theory in the classical world. [4 Related Articles]
- Arita
- (from the article "pottery") ...from the Chinese kilns at Ching-te-chen. Another account claims that Ri Sampei, a Korean potter who was brought to Japan by Hideyoshi, discovered porcelain clay in the Izumi Mountain near Arita (Saga Prefecture); this version is feasible since no porcelain made before the end of the 16th century has been ...
- arithmetic
- branch of mathematics in which numbers, relations among numbers, and observations on numbers are studied and used to solve problems. [12 Related Articles]
- arithmetic function
- any mathematical function defined for integers (&elipsis;, −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, &elipsis;) and dependent upon those properties of the integer itself as a number, in contrast to functions that are defined for other values (real numbers, complex numbers, or even other functions) and that involve various operations from algebra ...
- arithmetic geometry
- (from the article "Serre, Jean-Pierre") ...One of the more recent phenomena in which he was a principal contributor was the applications of algebraic geometry to number theory-applications now falling into a separate subclass called arithmetic geometry. He was one of the second generation of members of Nicolas Bourbaki (publishing pseudonym for a group of mathematicians) ...
- arithmetic mean
- (from the article "mean") ...between those of the extreme members of some set. Several kinds of mean exist, and the method of calculating a mean depends upon the relationship known or assumed to govern the other members. The arithmetic mean, denoted x, of a set of n numbers x1, x2, &elipsis;, ...
- arithmetic operation
- (from the article "mathematics, East Asian") The Nine Chapters presupposes mathematical knowledge about how to represent numbers and how to perform the four arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division. In it the numbers are written in Chinese characters, but, for most of the procedures described, the actual computations are intended to be performed on ...
- arithmetic sequence
- (from the article "mathematics") ...of numbers, the exponents are related additively. By correlating the geometric sequence of numbers a, a2, a3,&elipsis;(a is called the base) and the arithmetic sequence 1, 2, 3,&elipsis;and interpolating to fractional values, it is possible to reduce the problem of multiplication and division to one of addition and subtraction. To ...
- arithmetic-logic unit
- (from the article "computer science") A digital computer (see also analog computer) typically consists of a control unit, an arithmetic-logic unit, a memory unit, and input/output units, as illustrated in the figure. The arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) performs simple addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and logic operations-such as OR and AND. The main computer memory, usually high-speed ...
- arithmetical magic square
- (from the article "magic square") In the arithmetical magic squares, the numbers are generally placed in separate cells and arranged so that each column, every row, and the two main diagonals can produce the same sum, called the constant. A standard magic square of any given number contains the sequence of natural numbers from 1 ...
- arithmomancy
- (from the article "number symbolism") Arithmomancy, also called arithmancy, from the Greek arithmos ("number") and manteia ("divination"), was practiced by the ancient Greeks, Chaldeans, and Hebrews; its successor is numerology. In these forms of number mysticism the letters of an alphabet are assigned numbers by some rule, typically...
- Arithmometer
- early calculating machine, built in 1820 by Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar of France. Whereas earlier calculating machines, such as Blaise Pascal's Pascaline in France and Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz's Step Reckoner in Germany, were mere curiosities, with the Industrial Revolution came a widespread need to perform repetitive operations efficiently. ... [2 Related Articles]
- Arius
- Christian priest of Alexandria, Egypt, whose teachings gave rise to a theological doctrine known as Arianism, which, in affirming the created, finite nature of Christ, was denounced by the early church as a major heresy. [5 Related Articles]
- ariya-puggala
- in Theravada Buddhism, a person who has attained one of the four levels of holiness. A first type of holy person, called a sotapanna-puggala ("stream-winner"), is one who will attain Nirvana (the supreme goal of Buddhist thought and practice) after no more than seven rebirths. Another type of holy person ...
- ariyah
- (Arabic: "gratuitous loan"), in Islamic law, the gratuitous loan of some object-e.g., a utensil, a tool, or a work animal-to another person for a specific period of time, after which the object is returned to the lender. The recipient is required under law to restore the object ...
- Ariyoshi Sawako
- Japanese novelist, short-story writer, and playwright who reached a popular audience with serialized novels of social realism that chronicled domestic life in Japan.
- Arizin, Paul
- American basketball player (b. April 9, 1928, Philadelphia, Pa.-d. Dec. 12, 2006, Philadelphia), was a jump-shot specialist who was hailed in 1996 as one of the 50 greatest players in the National Basketball Association (NBA). During his 10 years (1950-52 and 1954-62) of playing for the Philadelphia Warriors (military service ...
- Arizona
- constituent state of the United States of America. Arizona is the sixth largest state in the country in terms of area. Its population has always been predominantly urban, particularly since the mid-20th century, when urban and suburban areas began growing rapidly at the expense of the countryside. Some scholars believe ... [12 Related Articles]
- Arizona coral snake
- (from the article "coral snake") ...The eastern coral snake, or harlequin snake (M. fulvius), is about a metre (3.3 feet) long and has wide red and black rings separated by narrow rings of yellow. The Arizona coral snake (Micruroides euryxanthus) is a small (40-50-cm) inhabitant of the American Southwest. ...
- Arizona cottontop
- (from the article "crabgrass") ...sprays may be useful as a means of eliminating the plants. Hand weeding is also useful, but the most effective control is a hardy lawn that smothers crabgrass seedlings. One species of crabgrass, Arizona cottontop (D. californica), is a useful forage grass in southwestern North America.
- Arizona Diamondbacks
- (from the article "Baseball") In the best-of-seven NL Championship Series, the upstart Rockies secured their first pennant by winning four consecutive games over the Arizona Diamondbacks. The Rockies clinched it on October 15 by beating the Diamondbacks 6-4 at home. Matt Holliday, who slammed a three-run home run during a six-run fourth inning, was ...
- Arizona Health Care Cost Containment System Administration
- (from the article "Arizona") In 1981 the legislature created the controversial Arizona Health Care Cost Containment System Administration as an alternative to the federal Medicaid program. The system includes an insurance program designed to provide health care for those citizens who are indigent or who cannot otherwise afford adequate medical care. At the same ...
- Arizona State University
- public, coeducational institution of higher learning with its main campus in Tempe, Arizona, U.S. The university offers bachelor's, master's, and doctorate degrees in areas including agriculture, engineering, business, education, and the arts and sciences. It also includes Colleges of Architecture and Environmental Design, Fine Arts, Liberal Arts and Sciences, and ... [2 Related Articles]
- Arizona white oak
- (from the article "white oak") The Arizona white oak (Q. arizonica), which is about 18 m (60 feet) tall, is found in the southwestern United States on the slopes of canyon walls, at altitudes from 1,500 to 3,000 m (5,000-10,000 feet). Its narrow leaves are about 8 cm (3 inches) long and persist for one ...
- Arizona woodrat
- (from the article "woodrat") ...weighing up to 600 grams (about 1.3 pounds) and having a body length of up to 25 cm (nearly 10 inches). Its slightly shorter tail is longhaired and bushy, which is unique within the genus. The Arizona woodrat (N. devia) is one of the smallest, weighing less than 132 grams ...
- Arizona, flag of
- U.S. state flag consisting of red and yellow rays emanating from a copper-coloured star above a horizontal blue stripe.
- Arizona, University of
- public, coeducational institution of higher learning in Tucson, Arizona, U.S. The university has a broad curriculum in liberal arts, sciences, agriculture, architecture, engineering, business and public administration, and education. It also offers instruction in nursing and pharmacy and operates professional schools in law and medicine. Bachelor's, master's, and doctorate degree ...
- Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum
- zoo, natural history museum, and botanical garden located outside Tucson, Arizona, U.S., near the western entrance to Saguaro National Park. Founded in 1952, the museum houses indoor and outdoor displays of living animals and plants native to the Sonoran Desert, an arid region embracing parts of the U.S. states of ...
- Arjan
- the Sikh religion's fifth Guru and its first martyr. [8 Related Articles]
- Arjuna
- one of the five Pandava brothers, who are the heroes of the Indian epic the Mahabharata ("Great Epic of the Bharata Dynasty"). Arjuna's hesitation before a battle became the occasion for his friend and charioteer, the god Krishna, to deliver a discourse on duty, or the right course of human ... [3 Related Articles]
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