| | - Adonais
- pastoral elegy by Percy Bysshe Shelley, written and published in 1821 to commemorate the death of his friend and fellow poet John Keats earlier that year.
- Adoni
- city, western Andhra Pradesh state, southern India. It lies 140 miles (225 km) southwest of Hyderabad, on the Chennai-Mumbai railway route. Adoni was once the stronghold for the rulers of the medieval Hindu kingdom of Vijayanagar. Muslims later controlled it until 1792, when a war between the British East India ...
- Adonias Filho
- novelist, essayist, journalist, and literary critic whose works of fiction embrace universal themes within the provincial setting of Brazil's rural northeast.
- Adonijah
- in the Old Testament, the fourth son of David, the natural heir to the throne. David's favourite wife, Bathsheba, organized an intrigue in favour of her son Solomon. Shortly after his accession, Solomon had Adonijah put to death on the ground that, by seeking to marry David's concubine Abishag, he ...
- Adonis
- Syrian-born Lebanese poet and literary critic who was a leader of the modernist movement in contemporary Arabic poetry.
- Adonis
- in Greek mythology, a youth of remarkable beauty, the favourite of the goddess Aphrodite (identified with Venus by the Romans). Traditionally, he was the product of the incestuous love Smyrna (Myrrha) entertained for her own father, the Syrian king Theias. Charmed by his beauty, Aphrodite put the newborn infant Adonis ...
- Adonis, Joe
- major American crime-syndicate boss in New York and New Jersey.
- adoption
- the act of establishing a person as parent to one who is not in fact or in law his child. Adoption is so widely recognized that it can be characterized as an almost worldwide institution with historical roots traceable to antiquity.
- Adoptionism
- either of two Christian heresies: one developed in the 2nd and 3rd centuries and is also known as Dynamic Monarchianism (see Monarchianism); the other began in the 8th century in Spain and was concerned with the teaching of Elipandus, archbishop of Toledo. Wishing to distinguish in Christ the operations of ...
- Adorno Family
- Genoese family prominent in the politics of that city's "popular" (democratic) dogeship (1339-1528), when the old aristocracy was exiled and new families seized power. Branches of the family became prominent in Flanders and Spain.
- Adorno, Theodor Wiesengrund
- German philosopher who also wrote on sociology, psychology, and musicology.
- Adour River
- river in southwestern France. The Adour River rises in the central Pyrenees near Tourmalet Pass, just south of Midi de Bigorre Peak, and flows in a curve, north, then west, to enter the Bay of Biscay just below Bayonne after a course of 208 miles (335 km). Draining a basin ...
- Adrano
- town, eastern Sicily, Italy. It lies near the Simeto River on a lava plateau on the western slopes of Mount Etna, northwest of Catania city. It originated as the ancient town of Hadranon, founded about 400 BC by Dionysius I, tyrant of Syracuse, near a sanctuary dedicated to the Siculan ...
- Adrar
- palm grove settlement, the largest of the Touat oasis group, southwestern Algeria, in the Sahara. Adrar's historical name was given it by the local Berber (Amazigh) people, the Timmi, who established their ksar (fortified village) here. The modern name is derived from the Berber adrar ("mountain"). The settlement lies between ...
- Adrar
- traditional region of central Mauritania in western Africa. It consists of a low central massif with noticeable cliffs that rise to about 800 feet (240 m). The terrain is arid and almost totally unsuitable for cropping. There is, however, sufficient water at the base of the uplands to support date-palm ...
- adrenal gland
- either of two small triangular endocrine glands that are located above each kidney. In humans each adrenal gland weighs about 5 g (0.18 ounce) and measures about 30 mm (1.2 inches) wide, 50 mm (2 inches) long, and 10 mm (0.4 inch) thick. Each gland consists of two parts: an ...
- adrenergic drug
- any of various drugs that interfere with the functioning of the sympathetic nervous system by affecting the release or action of norepinephrine and epinephrine. The former are hormones, secreted by the adrenal gland, that constrict blood vessels (thus increasing blood pressure) and accelerate the rate and force of contractions of ...
- adrenergic nerve fibre
- nerve fibre that releases the neurotransmitter norepinephrine (also known as noradrenaline) at the synapse, or junction, between a nerve and its end organ, which may be a muscle, gland, or another nerve. Adrenergic nerve fibres make up the sympathetic nervous system, one of two peripheral nervous systems controlling involuntary activities, ...
- adrenocorticotropic hormone
- a polypeptide hormone formed in the pituitary gland that regulates the activity of the outer region (cortex) of the adrenal glands. In mammals the action of ACTH is limited to those areas of the adrenal cortex in which the glucocorticoid hormones-cortisol and corticosterone (see corticoid)-are formed. The secretion of ACTH ...
- Adret, Solomon ben Abraham
- outstanding spiritual leader of Spanish Jewry of his time (known as El Rab de Espana [the Rabbi of Spain]); he is remembered partly for his controversial decree of 1305 threatening to excommunicate all Jews less than 25 years old (except medical students) who studied philosophy or science.
- Adrets, Francois de Beaumont, baron des
- French military leader of the Wars of Religion, notorious for his cruelty.
- Adria
- town and episcopal see in the Veneto regione of northern Italy, on the Bianco Canal just east of Rovigo. Founded by the Etruscans or the Veneti of northeastern Italy, it later became a Roman town and was a flourishing port on the Adriatic Sea (to which it gave its name) ...
- Adria pipeline
- pipeline completed in 1974 to carry Middle Eastern and North African crude petroleum from the deepwater port of Omisalj on the island of Krk, in Croatia, to inland refineries. The pipeline connects refineries in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, and Slovenia-including Sisak, Bosanski Brod, Novi Sad, Pancevo, and Lendava-with the ...
- Adria, Ferran
- Catalan chef who, as the creative force behind the restaurant El Bulli, pioneered the influential culinary trend known as molecular gastronomy, which uses precise scientific techniques to create inventive and evocative high-end cuisine. In the early 21st century many considered him the best chef in the world.
- Adrian
- city, seat (1838) of Lenawee county, southeastern Michigan, U.S., on the River Raisin, 40 miles (65 km) southwest of Ann Arbor. Addison J. Comstock settled the site in 1826 as Logan and renamed it in 1828 for the Roman emperor Hadrian (the H was dropped in 1838). With his father, ...
- Adrian I
- pope from 772 to 795 whose close relationship with the emperor Charlemagne symbolized the medieval ideal of union of church and state in a united Christendom.
- Adrian II
- pope from 867 to 872.
- Adrian III, Saint
- pope from 884 to 885.
- Adrian IV
- the only Englishman to occupy the papal throne (1154-59).
- Adrian V
- pope for about five weeks in 1276.
- Adrian VI
- the only Dutch pope, elected in 1522. He was the last non-Italian pope until the election of John Paul II in 1978.
- Adrian, Edgar Douglas Adrian, 1st Baron
- British electrophysiologist who with Sir Charles Sherrington won the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1932 for discoveries regarding the nerve cell.
- Adrianople, Battle of
- (Aug. 9, AD 378), battle fought at present Edirne, in European Turkey, resulting in the defeat of a Roman army commanded by the emperor Valens at the hands of the Germanic Visigoths led by Fritigern and augmented by Ostrogothic and other reinforcements. It was a major victory of barbarian horsemen ...
- Adriatic Sea
- arm of the Mediterranean Sea, lying between the Italian and Balkan peninsulas. The Strait of Otranto at its southeasterly limit links it with the Ionian Sea. It is about 500 miles (800 km) long with an average width of 100 miles, a maximum depth of 4,035 feet (1,324 metres), and ...
- Adso of Montier-en-Der
- Benedictine monk and abbot whose treatise on the Antichrist became the standard work on the subject from the mid-10th to the 13th century.
- adsorption
- capability of all solid substances to attract to their surfaces molecules of gases or solutions with which they are in contact. Solids that are used to adsorb gases or dissolved substances are called adsorbents; the adsorbed molecules are usually referred to collectively as the adsorbate. An example of an excellent ...
- Adud ad-Dawlah
- greatest ruler (949-983) of the Iranian Buyid dynasty.
- adularia
- a feldspar mineral and potassium aluminosilicate (KAlSi3O8). It commonly forms colourless, glassy, prismatic, twinned crystals in low-temperature veins of felsic plutonic rocks and in cavities in crystalline schists. Typical occurrences include the schists of the Alps. Some adularia show an opalescent play of colours and are called moonstone.
- Adullam
- ancient city and modern development region, in the upper part of Ha-Shefela, central Israel. The mound of Tel 'Adullam, or Horbat ("Ruins of") 'Adullam (Arabic: Tall Ash-Shaykh Madhkur), 22.5 miles (36 km) southwest of Jerusalem, is generally accepted as the site of the ancient city. The earliest reference to 'Adullam ...
- Adullamite
- member of a group of English politicians who rebelled against their leaders in the Liberal Party and defeated the Reform Bill of 1866. Their name was derived from the biblical reference to the caves of 'Adullam (1 Samuel 22:1), which served as a refuge for the discontented. The Liberal politician ...
- adult education
- any form of learning undertaken by or provided for mature men and women. In a 1970 report, the National Institute of Adult Education (England and Wales) defined adult education as "any kind of education for people who are old enough to work, vote, fight and marry and who have completed ...
- adultery
- sexual relations between a married person and someone other than the spouse. Written or customary prohibitions or taboos against adultery constitute part of the marriage code of virtually every society. Indeed, adultery seems to be as universal and, in some instances, as common as marriage.
- adulthood
- the period in the human lifespan in which full physical and intellectual maturity have been attained. Adulthood is commonly thought of as beginning at age 20 or 21 years. Middle age, commencing at about 40 years, is followed by old age at about 60 years.
- Adults 'Toon In: Year in Review 1999
- By 1998 television cartoons aimed primarily at adults had reached an unprecedented popularity. Fox Broadcasting's "The Simpsons" not only was the longest-running animated program on TV but, after the show's ninth season on the air, had become the longest continually running prime-time series still releasing new episodes. The Cartoon Network ...
- Adur
- district, administrative county of West Sussex, historic county of Sussex, England. It is named for the River Adur, which cuts through the chalk ridge of the South Downs via an impressive water gap before entering the English Channel at Shoreham-by-Sea. The district is small and occupies the lower valley of ...
- Advaita
- one of the most influential schools of Vedanta, which is one of the six orthodox philosophical systems (darshans) of Hinduism. While its followers find its main tenets already fully expressed in the Upanishads and systematized by the Brahma-sutras (also known as the Vedanta-sutras), it has its historical beginning with the ...
- Advance Australia Fair
- national anthem of Australia, adopted on April 19, 1984. It was first officially proposed in 1974 to replace "God Save the Queen," which had been the national anthem from 1788 to 1974 and which, in 1984, was designated the royal anthem, to be played at public appearances of members of ...
- advanced ceramics
- substances and processes used in the development and manufacture of ceramic materials that exhibit special properties.
- Advanced Encryption Standard
- a data encryption standard endorsed by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) as a replacement for the Data Encryption Standard (DES). AES offers far greater security than DES for communications and commercial transactions over the Internet.
- Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
- global company that specializes in manufacturing semiconductor devices used in computer processing. The company also produces flash memories, graphics processors, motherboard chip sets, and a variety of components used in consumer electronics goods. The company is a major supplier of microprocessors (computer chips). AMD is based in Sunnyvale, Calif.
- advanced persistent threat
- attacks on a country's information assets of national security or strategic economic importance through either cyberespionage or cybersabotage. These attacks use technology that minimizes their visibility to computer network and individual computer intrusion detection systems. APTs are directed against specific industrial, economic, or governmental targets to acquire or to destroy ...
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