(from the article "Western architecture") ...in Britain. On his return to Berlin he designed a number of buildings in which he incorporated the new methods of fireproof construction he had seen in England. The most important of these was the School of Architecture (1831), with walls of red brick ornamented with glazed violet tiles, windows ...
(from the article "cephalopod") Cephalopods range greatly in size. The giant squids (Architeuthis species) are the largest living invertebrates; A. dux attains a length of more than 20 metres (60 feet), including the extended tentacles. The smallest cephalopod is the squid Idiosepius, rarely an inch in length. The average octopus usually has arms no ...
(from the article "architrave") in Classical architecture, the lowest section of the entablature (horizontal member), immediately above the capital of a column. See entablature.architraveArchitrave in the Basilica of San Salvatore,
repository for an organized body of records produced or received by a public, semipublic, institutional, or business entity in the transaction of its affairs and preserved by it or its successors. The term archives, which also designates the body of records themselves, derives from the French, and it, or a ... [4 Related Articles]
(from the article "Spain") ...of the Civil War in Salamanca, the General Archives of Simancas (established in 1540), and the Royal Archives of Aragon in Barcelona. Perhaps the most important for people outside Spain is Sevilla's Archives of the Indies, which hold an immense quantity of documentation about Spain's former empire in the Americas.
(from the article "Austin") ...with 856 residents. When Mexican invasion threatened Texas in 1842, the government moved to Houston, but the town's citizens, determined to keep Austin the capital, staged the so-called Archive War, forcibly retaining government records. The government returned to Austin in 1845, the year in which Texas was admitted to the ...
(from the article "Simancas") ...southwest of Valladolid city. The town originated as the Roman Septimanca, and its most important landmark is a citadel dating from the Moorish occupation in the 9th century. This citadel is now the Archivo General del Reino, to which the national archives of Spain were removed by order of Philip ...
molding running around the face of an arch immediately above the opening. The architectural term is applied especially to medieval and Renaissance buildings, where the archivolts are often decorated with sculpture, as in the archivolts on the west facade of Chartres cathedral (1140-50).
large 16th-century bass lute provided with additional bass strings, or diapasons, and producing a deeper sound that could be used in orchestral basso continuo parts. The diapasons were tuned according to individual preference, usually in a descending scale from the lowest principal string. [1 Related Articles]
in ancient Greece, the chief magistrate or magistrates in many city-states. The office became prominent in the Archaic period, when the kings (basileis) were being superseded by aristocrats. [4 Related Articles]
in Gnosticism, any of a number of world-governing powers that were created with the material world by a subordinate deity called the Demiurge (Creator). The Gnostics were religious dualists who held that matter is evil and the spirit good and that salvation is attained by esoteric knowledge, or gnosis.
any of various reptiles, including all crocodiles and birds and all descendants of their most recent common ancestor. Archosaurs ("ruling reptiles") are members of a subclass that also includes the dinosaurs, the pterosaurs (flying reptiles), and several groups of extinct forms, mostly from the Triassic Period (251 million to 200 ... [7 Related Articles]
(from the article "Marquis, Don") ...New York City, where he became one of the best known of literary journalists. He wrote his columns "The Sun Dial" for The Sun and "The Lantern" for the Tribune. Archy and Mehitabel first appeared in "The Sun Dial." Archy's poetic reflections on the world and the racy misadventures of ...
Greek scientist, philosopher, and major Pythagorean mathematician. Plato, a close friend, made use of his work in mathematics, and there is evidence that Euclid borrowed from him for the treatment of number theory in Book VIII of his Elements. Archytas was also an influential figure in public affairs, and he ... [3 Related Articles]
Italian Mannerist painter whose grotesque compositions of fruits, vegetables, animals, books, and other objects were arranged to resemble human portraits. In the 20th century these double images were greatly admired by Salvador Dali and other Surrealist painters. [2 Related Articles]
(from the article "Latin American architecture") The Metropolitan Cathedral of Mexico in Mexico City, begun in the 16th century by Claudio de Arciniega, is Classical in its layout, with extraordinary fragments of an exuberant Baroque decoration applied on the surface. The cathedral's Altar of the Kings (1718-37), by Jeronimo de Balbas, began a formal type that ...
Colombian historian, essayist, diplomat, and statesman whose long career in journalism and public service strongly influenced the cultural development of his country in the 20th century. His contributions abroad as an educator and diplomat played an important role in introducing North Americans and Europeans to Spanish American history and contemporary ... [1 Related Articles]
(from the article "bhumi") ...attain enlightenment and will help others), (2) vimala ("free from impurities"), (3) prabhakari ("luminous" with the noble doctrine), (4) arcismati ("brilliant," the rays of his virtue consuming evil passions and ignorance), (5) sudurjaya ("hard to conquer"), (6)...
(from the article "Two Noble Kinsmen, The") ...is preparing to marry Hippolyta, queen of the Amazons, accompanied by her sister, Emilia, and his friend, Pirithous, when he is called upon to wage war on the corrupt Theban king, Creon. Palamon and Arcite, two noble nephews of Creon, are captured. As they languish in prison, their protestations of ...
(from the article "Tiepolo, Giovanni Battista") ...in the church of the Scalzi and The Force of Eloquence on the ceiling of the Palazzo Sandi-Porto (now Cipollato). It was not, however, until the frescoes of the Palazzo Arcivescovile of Udine, executed sometime after 1726, that Tiepolo, then about 30, reached full maturity of expression. ...
(from the article "bivalve") ...weakly united filaments; mostly marine; some cemented; most epibyssate; some infaunal; representative of the earliest filter-feeding bivalves. About 1,500 species.Shell solid, elongate or circular-oval, often heavily ribbed; fibrous periostracum with simple crossed-lamellar outer layer and inner complex crossed-lamellar layer,...ark shell
city, Cadiz provincia (province), in the comunidad autonoma (autonomous community) of Andalusia, southern Spain. It is located on a high rock bounded on three sides by the Guadalete River. Rich in Moorish architecture, the city also contains the Gothic churches of Santa Maria de ...
(from the article "Arizona") ...traditions of the Southwest and modern international trends. Several fine examples of Frank Lloyd Wright's work-including his home at Taliesin West-and the futuristic, embryonic city of Arcosanti designed by Paolo Soleri are found in Arizona. Among the many structures in the Spanish style, the Heard Museum is outstanding, and the ...
city, northeastern Tamil Nadu state, southeastern India, on the Palar River. Located at the point where the Palar River valley meets the Coromandel Coast, it commands the inland route from Madras to Bangalore, between the Mysore Ghat and the Javadi Hills. A fortified capital of the Muslim nawabs, Arcot was ... [3 Related Articles]
northernmost region of the Earth, centred on the North Pole and characterized by distinctively polar conditions of climate, plant and animal life, and other physical features. The term is derived from the Greek arktos ("bear"), referring to the northern constellation of the Bear. It has sometimes been used to designate ... [48 Related Articles]
(from the article "air mass") Maritime Polar (mP) air masses develop over the polar areas of both the Northern and the Southern hemispheres. They generally contain considerably more moisture than the cP air masses. As they move inland in middle and high latitudes, heavy precipitation may occur when the air is forced to ascend mountain ...
(from the article "Atlantic Ocean") ...accepted boundary conventions. In the north the situation is further complicated by the fact that the Arctic Ocean frequently is considered to be a dependent sea of the Atlantic. This is because the Arctic basin-which stretches from the Bering Strait across the North Pole to Spitsbergen and Greenland-resembles a semienclosed ...
(from the article "Admiralty Inlet") ...Canada. The inlet, leading southward from Lancaster Sound of Baffin Bay, is 2 to 20 miles (3 to 32 km) wide, with a shoreline that rises abruptly about 1,000 to 1,500 feet (300 to 460 metres). Arctic Bay (Ikpiarjuk; pop. [2006] 690), a mineral exploration and hunting base, is on ...
(from the article "char") The Arctic char (S. alpinus), of North America and Europe, inhabits the Arctic and adjacent oceans and enters rivers and lakes to breed. Some populations are restricted to freshwater lakes, which they colonized in glacial times. Like the other chars, the Arctic char is a good food and sport fish. ...
parallel, or line of latitude around the Earth, at approximately 66°30' N. Because of the Earth's inclination of about 23 12° to the vertical, it marks the southern limit of the area within which, for one day or more each year, the Sun does not set (about June 21) or ... [3 Related Articles]
(from the article "climate") This climate occurs poleward of 65° N and S latitude over the ice caps of Greenland and Antarctica and over the permanently frozen portion of the Arctic Ocean. Temperatures are below freezing throughout the year, and annual temperature ranges are large but again not as large as in the continental ...
(from the article "Pacific Ocean") ...at the convergences spreads laterally at increasing depths as the distance from the Equator increases. The Antarctic Convergence lies in the zone of the southern westerly winds. A corresponding Arctic Convergence is prominent in the northeastern Pacific.
intergovernmental body that promotes research and facilitates cooperation among Arctic countries on issues related to the environmental protection and sustainable development of the Arctic region. The council was created in Ottawa in 1996 by the Declaration on the Establishment of the Arctic Council (the Ottawa Declaration). Member states of the ...
(from the article "Alaskan mountains") The most northerly of the three major Alaskan mountain groups are the Brooks Range and the Arctic foothills, which extend the Rocky Mountains in an east-west arc from the Canadian border across northern Alaska. Central Alaska is characterized by highlands and basins drained by the great Yukon and Kuskokwim river ...
(species Alopex lagopus), northern fox of the family Canidae, found throughout the Arctic, usually on tundra or mountains near the sea. In adaptation to the climate, it has short, rounded ears, a short muzzle, and fur-covered soles. Its length is about 50-60 cm (20-24 inches), exclusive of the 30-centimetre tail; ...
(from the article "dormancy") ...to a sequence of cyclical rhythms, tends to maintain its adaptive behaviour even though the environmental stimulus that originally elicited such behaviour is no longer present. For example, the Arctic ground squirrel (whose winter period of dormancy is referred to as hibernation), when taken into the laboratory, supplied with adequate ...
(from the article "Arctic") The Atlantic Arctic islands were covered with ice except where isolated mountain peaks (nunataks) projected through the ice. In Europe the Scandinavian Ice Sheet covered most of northern Europe between Severnaya Zemlya in Russia and the British Isles. Northeastern Siberia escaped heavy glaciation, although, as in northern Canada, the ice ...
(from the article "loon") ...and internal air sacs. (Young loons, however, are buoyant and pop up like corks from their first attempts at dives.) Loons are generally found singly or in pairs, but some species, especially the Arctic loon, or black-throated diver (G. arctica), winter or migrate in flocks. The voice is distinctive, including ...
(from the article "Arctic Regions") ...shipping between Europe and Asia would be shortened by about 5,000 km (3,000 mi) by a polar route. For this reason, in 2006 the Arctic Council initiated a study of Arctic shipping, called the Arctic Marine Strategic Plan.
(from the article "The Environment") A four-year study of the Russian Arctic, conducted by the Arctic Monitoring and Assessment Program and reported in November 2004, found that samples of human breast milk and umbilical-cord blood contained very high levels of a number of persistent toxic substances, including hexachlorobenzene, dioxins, DDT, PCBs, mercury, and lead. The ...
(from the article "Arctic Regions") In March the U.S. Senate voted narrowly in favour of allowing exploratory drilling in the environmentally and politically sensitive Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). Canada continued to oppose exploration in this area, citing a 1987 Canada-U.S. agreement to refrain from activities in the refuge that could have a negative impact ...
(from the article "sea ice") ...and position about every decade or so, as the high-pressure centre weakens and moves closer to both Alaska and the Canadian Arctic. This decadal shift in the high-pressure centre is known as the Arctic Oscillation.
(from the article "Native American") The European exploration of the Subarctic was for many decades limited to the coasts of the Atlantic and Hudson Bay, an inland sea connected to the Atlantic and the Arctic oceans. The initial European exploration of the bay occurred in 1610. It was led by the English navigator Henry Hudson, ...
(from the article "polar ecosystem") ...The occasional plants growing there often become established in frost cracks that capture blowing snow and finer windblown soil material. Plants adapted to these conditions include species of the Arctic poppy (Papaver), some rushes (Juncus), small saxifrages (Saxifraga), and a few other rosette-forming herbaceous species. The Arctic ...
(from the article "Mackenzie River") ...slightly entrenched and meanders across its flat valley floor, its banks being two to three miles apart; low islands are numerous, and shifting sandbars are a problem for the riverboats. Where the Arctic Red River enters from the south, the Mackenzie again flows between steep rock walls, which rise about ...
(from the article "fog") ...the wet surface. This is the explanation of steam fogs that are produced when cold Arctic air moves over lakes, streams, inlets of the sea, or newly formed openings in the pack ice; hence, the term Arctic sea smoke.
(from the article "Arctic") The first residents of the winter-freezing coasts of the north appeared only after 3000 BC, when people of the Arctic Small Tool tradition began to replace any Northern Archaic people who were exploiting the largely treeless lands immediately inland from the coasts. Predominantly terrestrial in subsistence orientation-hunting especially caribou and ...
(from the article "bird") The record long-range flight of a bird species in a single season is undoubtedly held by the Arctic terns that migrate from a summering ground in the Arctic to a wintering ground in the Antarctic, travelling more than 11,600 km (7,200 miles) each way. Some long-range flights are made very ...
(from the article "Arctic") The two types of reindeer husbandry are defined by the two predominant ecosystems, the taiga and the tundra. The open terrain of the tundra permits the supervision of large herds, and these generally migrate with their herdsmen between winter pastures within the margins of the taiga and summer pastures out ...
