| | - Aquifoliales
- holly order of flowering plants, containing more than 500 species in 5 families, mainly Aquifoliaceae. Aquifoliales belongs to the core asterid clade (organisms with a single common ancestor), or sympetalous lineage of flowering plants, in the Asterid II group of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II (APG II) botanical classification system ...
- Aquila
- scholar who in about AD 140 completed a literal translation into Greek of the Old Testament; it replaced the Septuagint (q.v.) among Jews and was used by the Church Fathers Origen in the 3rd century and St. Jerome in the 4th and 5th centuries. St. Epiphanius (c. 315-403) preserved in ... [1 Related Articles]
- Aquila, Juan del
- (from the article "O'Donnell, Hugh Roe") ...join Tyrone at Kinsale was remarkable; in 24 hours he and his men covered no less than 40 miles, including the almost impassable Slieve Phelim Mountains. Red Hugh's support of the Spanish commander, Juan del Aquila, who counselled an immediate attack against the advice of the more cautious O'Neill, may ...
- Aquilegia caerulea
- (from the article "columbine") ...tall along roadsides and woodland edges. The species and its several hybrids, which are known for their nodding flowers with short incurved spurs, are cultivated widely in North America. From A. caerulea and A. chysantha, both native to the Rocky Mountains, have been developed many garden hybrids with showy long-spurred ...
- Aquilegia chysantha
- (from the article "columbine") ...and woodland edges. The species and its several hybrids, which are known for their nodding flowers with short incurved spurs, are cultivated widely in North America. From A. caerulea and A. chysantha, both native to the Rocky Mountains, have been developed many garden hybrids with showy long-spurred flowers in a ...
- Aquileia
- formerly a city of the Roman Empire and a patriarchate of the Roman Catholic Church; it is now a village in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region in northeastern Italy, on the Natisone River near the Adriatic coast, northwest of Trieste. [5 Related Articles]
- Aquin, Hubert
- (from the article "Canadian literature") ...of the previous decade. The Quebec "new novel" began with Jacques Godbout's L'Aquarium (1962) and reached its high point in the brilliantly convoluted novels of Hubert Aquin that followed his Prochain episode (1965; "Next Episode"; Eng. trans. Prochain Episode). Marie-Claire Blais's Une Saison dans la vie...
- Aquinas, Thomas, Saint
- Italian Dominican theologian, the foremost medieval Scholasticist. He developed his own conclusions from Aristotelian premises, notably in the metaphysics of personality, creation, and Providence. As a theologian he was responsible in his two masterpieces, the Summa theologiae and the Summa contra gentiles, for the ... [60 Related Articles]
- Aquincum
- important town in the Roman province of Pannonia; its ruins have been excavated in northern Budapest, Hung., near the west bank of the Danube River. At its peak, the civilian settlement reached as far as the military camp that was situated in what today is the district of Obuda, just ... [1 Related Articles]
- Aquino
- town, Lazio regione, south-central Italy, southeast of Frosinone city. The ancient town (the site of which is nearby) prospered from its position on the Roman road, Via Latina, until it was laid waste by Totila, a Gothic king, in the mid-6th century and abandoned for the more fertile present site. ...
- Aquino, Benigno Simeon, Jr.
- the chief opposition leader during the era of martial law in the Philippines (1972-81) under President Ferdinand E. Marcos. Aquino's assassination in 1983 galvanized popular opposition to the Marcos government and brought his widow, Corazon, to the political forefront. [3 Related Articles]
- Aquino, Corazon
- political leader (from 1983) and president (1986-92) of the Philippines who restored democratic rule in that country after the long dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos. [5 Related Articles]
- Aquitaine
- region of France encompassing the southwestern departements of Dordogne, Gironde, Landes, Lot-et-Garonne, and Pyrenees-Atlantiques. The present-day region roughly matches the western half of the historical region of Aquitaine. Aquitaine is bounded by the regions of Poitou-Charentes to the ... [15 Related Articles]
- Aquitaine Basin
- (from the article "France") The Loire countryside links with the Aquitaine Basin of southwestern France through the gap known as the Gate of Poitou. The Aquitaine Basin is much smaller than the Paris Basin, and, while it is bounded in the south by the Pyrenees, in the northeast it runs into the low foothills ...
- Aquitanian Stage
- earliest and lowermost division of Miocene rocks, representing all rocks deposited worldwide during the Aquitanian Age (23 million to 20.4 million years ago) of the Neogene Period (the past 23 million years). The stage is named for exposures in the region of Aquitaine in southwestern France.
- Ar'ar
- city, northern Saudi Arabia, situated in the Northern region at an elevation of 1,854 feet (565 metres). 'Ar'ar was developed in the early 1950s by seminomadic people who were attracted by water made available around the Trans Arabian Pipeline (Tapline). Agriculture and livestock raising are the main economic activities. Crops ...
- AR-18
- (from the article "Armalite rifle") ...for highly successful, similar designs, notably the AR-15, the U.S. Army rifle designated as the M16 (q.v.). The British firm of Sterling Armament Company, Ltd., produces a Sterling-Armalite AR-18 rifle that resembles and operates like the AR-15, but that was carefully redesigned to be easily manufactured with unsophisticated equipment in ...
- Ar-Namys
- (from the article "Kyrgyzstan") In April police broke up a rally of members of the prominent opposition Ar-Namys party in Bishkek. The party was seeking to draw attention to the continued imprisonment of its leader, former vice president Feliks Kulov, who was serving a jail term on charges of abuse of office that his ...
- Ara
- city, Bihar state, northeastern India. The city is a major rail and road junction. Agricultural trade and oilseed milling are carried on there. It is the site of several colleges affiliated with Magadh University. The Little House at Ara is a building that was defended by the British against Kunwar ...
- ara
- (from the article "Jainism") Time, according to the Jains, is eternal and formless. It is understood as a wheel with 12 spokes (ara), the equivalent of ages, six of which form an ascending arc and six a descending one. In the ascending arc (utsarpini), humans progress in knowledge, ...
- Ara Pacis
- shrine consisting of a marble altar in a walled enclosure erected in Rome's Campus Martius by the emperor Augustus and dedicated on Jan. 30, 9 BC. The sculptures on the walls and the altar representing the shrine's dedication ceremonies, scenes from Roman legend, and floral motifs are considered to be ... [6 Related Articles]
- ara-mitama
- (from the article "tama") in Japanese religion, a soul or a divine or semidivine spirit; also an aspect of a spirit. Several mitama are recognized in Shinto and folk religions. Among them are the ara-mitama (with the power of ruling), the kushi-mitama (with the power of transforming), the nigi-mitama (with the power of unifying, ...
- Arab
- one whose native language is Arabic. (See also Arabic language.) Before the spread of Islam and, with it, the Arabic language, Arab referred to any of the largely nomadic Semitic inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula. In modern usage, it embraces any of the Arabic-speaking peoples living in the vast region from ... [73 Related Articles]
- Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa
- bank created by the Arab League summit conference in Algiers, in November 1973, to finance development projects in Africa. In 1975 ABEDA began operating by supplying African countries with technical assistance. All members of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) are eligible as recipients, except those countries belonging to the ...
- Arab Bureau
- (from the article "Algeria") ...and the governor-general of Algeria was almost invariably a military officer until the 1880s. Most Algerians-excluding the colons-were subject to rule by military officers organized into Arab Bureaus, whose members were officers with an intimate knowledge of local affairs and of the language of the people but with no direct ...
- Arab Deterrent Force
- (from the article "Palestine") ...2,000 to 3,000 Palestinians in the Tall al-Za'tar camp northeast of Beirut. A peace agreement was negotiated in October 1976. The settlement provided for the creation of a 30,000-member Arab Deterrent Force (ADF), a cease-fire throughout the country, withdrawal of forces to positions held before April 1975, and implementation of ...
- Arab Economic Unity, Council of
- Arab economic organization established in June 1957 by a resolution of the Arab Economic Council of the Arab League. Its first meeting was held in 1964. Members include Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Mauritania, the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), Somalia, The Sudan, Syria, United Arab Emirates, and Yemen.
- Arab Executive
- (from the article "Palestine") In December 1920, Palestinian Arabs at a congress in Haifa established an executive committee (known as the Arab Executive) to act as the representative of the Arabs. It was never formally recognized by the British and was dissolved in 1934. However, the platform of the Haifa congress, which set out ...
- Arab Free Trade Area
- (from the article "Tunisia") ...future and stability of the Arab Maghrib Union, Tunisia has increasingly concentrated efforts on developing bilateral economic agreements with other Arab states, on promoting the Arab League's Arab Free Trade Area, and in advancing regional economics. An agreement with the European Union, which came into effect in 1998, has also ...
- Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development
- Arab League fund designed to promote economic and social development of Arab countries. Established in May 1968, the fund commenced operations in 1972 and serves 20 Arab countries and the Palestine Liberation Organization.
- Arab Higher Committee
- (from the article "Palestine") ...In April 1936 the murder of two Jews led to escalating violence, and Qassamite groups initiated a general strike in Jaffa and Nabulus. At that point the Arab political parties formed an Arab Higher Committee presided over by the mufti of Jerusalem, Amin al-Husayni. It called for a general strike, ...
- Arab League
- regional organization of Arab states in the Middle East, formed in Cairo on March 22, 1945. The founding member states were Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Iraq, Transjordan (now Jordan), Saudi Arabia, and Yemen. Other members are Libya (1953); The Sudan (1956); Tunisia and Morocco (1958); Kuwait (1961); Algeria (1962); Bahrain, Oman, ... [26 Related Articles]
- Arab Legion
- police force raised in 1923 by British Lieut. Col. Frederick Gerard Peake (who had served with T.E. Lawrence's Arab forces in World War I), in what was then the British protectorate of Transjordan, to keep order among Transjordanian tribes and to safeguard Transjordanian villagers from Bedouin raids. Peake's second in ... [4 Related Articles]
- Arab Liberation Flag
- (from the article "Egypt, flag of") The 1952 revolt established the Arab Liberation Flag, which had red-white-black horizontal stripes and a gold eagle. That flag was often flown beside the national flag but did not itself have official status; nevertheless, its design was reflected in the official 1958 national flag of the United Arab Republic, where ...
- Arab Liberation Movement
- (from the article "Shishakli, Adib al-") ...he came to feel a need for civilian political support and a constitutional basis for his rule. He pressed land reform policies and refused aid from the United States. In August 1952 he launched the Arab Liberation Movement, which was to be a mass-based political party under his leadership. No ...
- Arab Maghrib Union
- (from the article "Algeria") The Arab Maghrib Union (AMU), established in 1989, not only improved relations between the Maghrib states-Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, and Tunisia-but also underscored the need for concerted policies. The AMU sought to bring the countries closer together by creating projects of shared interests. Initially there was some sense of enthusiasm ...
- Arab Monetary Fund
- fund that aims to assist its participants, nearly all of the members of the Arab League, by developing their capital markets, balancing payment difficulties, and helping with foreign-exchange rates. Established in April 1976, the agreement entered into force in February 1977. During its annual meeting, the board of governors of ...
- Arab Peace Initiative
- (from the article "Multinational and Regional Organizations") During the Arab League's annual summit in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, in March, member countries reaffirmed their commitment to the 2002 Arab Peace Initiative. The league sent two representatives to Israel for the first time to present the plan for regional peace. Another precedent was set when the league reached a ...
- Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries, Organization of
- Arab organization formed in January 1968 to promote international economic cooperation within the petroleum industry. Chairmanship rotates annually; meetings occur twice yearly. Member countries include Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, and the United Arab Emirates. (Egypt's membership was suspended in 1979, but it was readmitted ... [1 Related Articles]
- Arab rebellion
- (from the article "Israel") ...efforts to bring the Zionists and the Arabs together in a cooperative government failed, and serious disorders, escalating into organized violence, were to mark the mandate, culminating in the Arab Revolt of 1936-39. This period also marked the birth of local Jewish defense forces. The largest and most widely representative ...
- Arab Revolt Flag
- (from the article "Jordan, flag of") ...independence on March 22, 1946. However, when Jordan and Iraq announced a federation known as the Arab Union, their joint flag-in use only between March and July 1958-was the original Arab Revolt Flag without the star. Different interpretations have been given to the seven points of the star, but originally ...
- Arab Socialist Union
- (from the article "Egypt") ...a new constitution, in which women were granted the franchise, was introduced in 1956. To replace the abolished political parties, the regime formed the National Union in 1957-from 1962 the Arab Socialist Union (ASU)-which dominated political life in Egypt for the next 15 years. An interim constitution was promulgated in ...
- Arab States Broadcasting Union
- (from the article "broadcasting") ...Organizations of Africa, which was formed in 1962, includes most former French and British colonies. The union is based in Dakar, Senegal, and has its technical centre at Bamako, Mali. The Arab States Broadcasting Union was formed in 1969 as an intergovernmental organization within the framework of the Arab League; ...
- Arab, Shatt Al-
- river in southeastern Iraq, formed by the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers at the town of Al-Qurnah. It flows southeastward for 120 miles (193 km) and passes the Iraqi port of Basra and the Iranian port of Abadan before emptying into the Persian Gulf. For about the last ... [4 Related Articles]
- Arab-Israeli wars
- series of military conflicts between Israeli and various Arab forces, most notably in 1948-49, 1956, 1967, 1973, and 1982. [37 Related Articles]
- Araba
- (from the article "Hatra") Hatra was probably founded in the 3rd or 2nd century BC, under the Seleucid kingdom. It rose to prominence as the capital of Araba, a small semiautonomous state under Parthian influence. Because of its strategic position along caravan trade routes, the town prospered and became an important religious centre. In ...
- Arabah, Wadi Al-
- topographic depression in southern Palestine extending about 100 miles (160 km) south from the Dead Sea to the Gulf of Aqaba; it is part of the East African Rift System. Largely sandy desert, it is divided between Israel and Jordan. In the Old Testament, except in Deuteronomy 2:8, the name ... [1 Related Articles]
- Arabat Spit
- (from the article "Syvash") ...penetrate the northern and eastern coasts of the Crimean Peninsula, Ukraine. Syvash is an area of marshy inlets and coves on the western margin of the Sea of Azov, from which it is separated by the Arabat Spit, a sandbar measuring from 900 feet to 5 miles (270 m to ...
- arabesque
- (from the article "ballet position") In addition to the five fundamental positions of the feet, there are two major body positions in classical ballet. The arabesque is a body position in which the weight of the body is supported on one leg, while the other leg is extended in back with the knee straight. One ...
- arabesque
- style of decoration characterized by intertwining plants and abstract curvilinear motifs. Derived from the work of Hellenistic craftsmen working in Asia Minor, the arabesque originally included birds in a highly naturalistic setting. As adapted by Muslim artisans about AD 1000, it became highly formalized; for religious reasons, no birds, beasts, ... [2 Related Articles]
- arabesque
- in literature, a contrived intricate pattern of verbal expression, so called by analogy with a decorative style in which flower, fruit, and sometimes animal outlines appear in elaborate patterns of interlaced lines. That these designs can sometimes suggest fantastic creatures may have given rise to another sense of the term, ...
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