| | - applied research
- (from the article "research and development") Applied research carries the findings of basic research to a point where they can be exploited to meet a specific need, while the development stage of research and development includes the steps necessary to bring a new or modified product or process into production. In Europe, the United States, and ...
- Applied Social Research, Bureau of
- (from the article "Lazarsfeld, Paul Felix") A Rockefeller Foundation grant for psychological research enabled Lazarsfeld to come to the United States in 1933, where he eventually obtained U.S. citizenship. He served as director of the Office of Radio Research, a Rockefeller project at Princeton University (1937-40), and, when the project was transferred to Columbia University in ...
- Appling, Luke
- (from the article "Carrasquel, Chico") ...debuted with the Chicago White Sox in 1950. The first had been his uncle, Alejandro Carrasquel, a pitcher who debuted with the Washington Senators in 1939. Chico Carrasquel took over for the popular Luke Appling, who had been the White Sox shortstop for 20 seasons. Although Chicagoans were at first ...
- applique
- sewing technique in which fabric patches are layered on a foundation fabric, then stitched in place by hand or machine with the raw edges turned under or covered with decorative stitching. From the French appliquer, "to put on," applique is sometimes used to embellish clothing or household ...
- appoggiatura
- (from Italian appoggiare, "to lean"), in music, an ornamental note of long or short duration that temporarily displaces, and subsequently resolves into, a main note, usually by stepwise motion. During the Renaissance and early Baroque, the appoggiatura was of moderate length, averaging one-third of the main note, and was more ...
- Appomattox Court House
- in the American Civil War, site in Virginia of the surrender of the Confederate forces to those of the North on April 9, 1865. After an engagement with Federal cavalry, the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia was surrounded at Appomattox, seat of Appomattox county, Virginia, 25 miles east of Lynchburg. ... [3 Related Articles]
- Apponyi, Albert, Grof
- Hungarian statesman whose political philosophy blended the conservative traditions of his background with Hungarian nationalism.
- apport
- in occultism, a material object that arrives suddenly and mysteriously through the powers of a medium. Often the arrival of an apport may require its passage through other material objects. Apports usually occur during a seance (q.v.) and may involve living or inanimate objects. The apporting of human beings is ...
- apposition eye
- (from the article "photoreception") Apposition eyes were almost certainly the original type of compound eye and are the oldest fossil eyes known, identified from the trilobites of the Cambrian Period, about 542-488 million years ago. Although compound eyes are most often associated with the arthropods, especially insects and crustaceans, compound eyes evolved independently in ...
- Apprentices, Statute of
- (from the article "United Kingdom") ...their economic and social philosophy. The aim of government was to curb competition and regulate life so as to attain an ordered and stable society in which all could share according to status. The Statute of Apprentices of 1563 embodied this concept, for it assumed the moral obligation of all ...
- apprenticeship
- training in an art, trade, or craft under a legal agreement that defines the duration and conditions of the relationship between master and apprentice. [6 Related Articles]
- apprenticeship novel
- biographical novel that concentrates on an individual's youth and his social and moral initiation into adulthood. The class derives from Goethe's Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre (1795-96; Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship). It became a traditional novel form in German literature, where it is called Bildungsroman ("novel of educational formation"). An English example is ... [1 Related Articles]
- appressorium
- (from the article "fungus") ...the tube enters the host, puts out branches between the cells of the host, and forms a mycelial network within the invaded tissue. The germ tubes of some fungi produce special pressing organs called appressoria, from which a microscopic, needlelike peg presses against and punctures the epidermis of the host; ...
- approach grafting
- (from the article "graft") ...root, or branch of another (stock) in such a way that a union will be formed and the partners will continue to grow. This term includes budding (bud grafting) and grafting proper (scion grafting and approach grafting or inarching). Budding and grafting proper differ only in the amount of plant ...
- approach-approach conflict
- (from the article "conflict") Conflicts are not all equally severe. A conflict between two desired gratifications (approach-approach conflict), as when a youth has to choose between two attractive and practicable careers, may lead to some vacillation but rarely to great distress. A conflict between two dangers or threats (avoidance-avoidance conflict) is usually more disturbing. ...
- approach-avoidance conflict
- (from the article "conflict") ...his fellows. Therefore, he also has a motive to avoid the dance to escape humiliation. He is in a dilemma; whether he goes or stays he will experience distress. This type of situation is termed an approach-avoidance conflict. Psychologically, a conflict exists when the reduction of one motivating stimulus involves ...
- Appropriations Committee
- (from the article "government budget") When the budget reaches the House of Representatives, it is distributed among the subcommittees of the Appropriations Committee. Each subcommittee is concerned with a particular organizational unit. There is virtually no consideration of the budget as a whole by the committee as a whole. Revenues fall under the jurisdiction of ...
- Approved Destination Status
- (from the article "Micronesia, Federated States of") ...Countries Economic Development and Cooperation Forum in April. During the forum Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao announced development grants to the FSM of $2.5 million and the inclusion of the FSM as an Approved Destination Status country, which could significantly improve the country's prospects for tourism.
- approximant
- in phonetics, a sound that is produced by bringing one articulator in the vocal tract close to another without, however, causing audible friction (see fricative). Approximants include semivowels, such as the y sound in "yes" or the w sound in "war." [3 Related Articles]
- approximation
- (from the article "analysis") A simple geometric argument shows that such an equality must hold to a high degree of approximation. The idea is to slice the circle like a pie, into a large number of equal pieces, and to reassemble the pieces to form an approximate rectangle (see figure). Then the area of ...
- Apra Harbor
- port on the west coast of Guam, one of the Mariana Islands, northern Pacific Ocean. It is the best anchorage on the island and is located just west of Hagatna (Agana). It is the port of entry and site of a U.S. naval base. The Apra Harbor complex includes a ...
- apraxia
- the inability to carry out useful or skilled acts while motor power and mental capacity remain intact. Apraxia is usually caused by damage to specific areas of the cerebrum. Kinetic, or motor, apraxia affects the upper extremities so that the individual cannot carry out fine motor acts, such as turning ... [3 Related Articles]
- Aprey faience
- tin-glazed earthenware produced by the factory of Jacques Lallemant de Villehaut, Baron d'Aprey, established in 1744 on his estate at Aprey, near Dijon, Fr. The early pieces, which are heavy and rather crude, recall blue-and-white earthenware in the Rouen style or have Rococo forms decorated with chinoiseries (motifs influenced by ...
- Aprica Pass
- (from the article "Valtellina") ...mountains (northeast), and the Orobie Alps (south) and is traversed by good roads over four well-marked Alpine passes: the Stelvio (9,042 feet [2,756 m]), the Bernina (7,621 feet [2,323 m]), the Aprica (3,858 feet [1,176 m]), and the Umbrail (9,944 feet [3,031 m]).
- apricot
- (Prunus armeniaca), stone fruit of the family Rosaceae that is cultivated throughout the temperate regions of the world. Apricots are eaten fresh or cooked and are preserved by canning or drying. The fruit is also widely made into jam and is often used to flavour liqueurs. Apricot trees are large ... [1 Related Articles]
- Apries
- fourth king (reigned 589-570 BCE) of the 26th dynasty (664-525 BCE; see ancient Egypt: The Late period [664-332 BCE]) of ancient Egypt; he succeeded his father, Psamtik II. [2 Related Articles]
- April
- fourth month of the Gregorian calendar. Its name probably derives from the Latin aperire ("to open"), a possible reference to plant buds opening at this time of year in Rome.
- April Fools' Day
- in most countries the first day of April. It received its name from the custom of playing practical jokes on this day-for example, telling friends that their shoelaces are untied or sending them on so-called fools' errands. Although the day has been observed for centuries, there are different explanations for ...
- April Theses
- in Russian history, program developed by Lenin during the Russian Revolution of 1917, calling for Soviet control of state power; the theses, published in April 1917, contributed to the July Days uprising and also to the Bolshevik coup d'etat in October 1917.
- April Uprising
- (from the article "Bulgaria") Against the background of a wider Balkan crisis, the Bulgarian revolutionary committees laid plans for a nationwide uprising in 1876. The April Uprising broke out prematurely on April 20 (May 2, New Style) and was violently put down. The atrocities committed against the civilian population by irregular Turkish forces, including ...
- Aprilov, Vasil
- (from the article "Bulgaria") The spread of education was in fact the centrepiece of the Bulgarian national revival. In 1835 Vasil Aprilov founded a Lancasterian school, based on the monitorial system of instruction, in Gabrovo. With the monk Neofit Rilski (Neophyte of Rila) as its teacher, it was the first school to teach in ...
- Aprista Party
- (from the article "Peru") ...with a large following in the provinces and the central and southern highlands; Alan Garcia (see Biographies), a former president (1985-90) and head of the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA) party; and Lourdes Flores Nano, a centre-right candidate with major support in Lima. As predicted, no one ...
- APRL hand
- (from the article "prosthesis") A metal hook that opens and closes as two fingers is the most commonly used terminal device and the most efficient. After World War II the APRL hand (from U.S. Army Prosthetic Research Laboratory) was developed. This is a metal mechanical hand covered by a rubber glove of a colour ...
- apron
- (from the article "airport") The oldest and simplest layout for passenger terminals is the open apron design, in which aircraft park on the apron immediately adjacent to the terminal and passengers walk across the apron to board the aircraft by mobile steps. Frequently, the aircraft maneuver in and out of the parking positions under ...
- apron conveyor
- (from the article "conveyor") Apron conveyors consist of endless chains with attached overlapping and interlocking plates to provide a continuous-carrying surface that forms a leakproof bed suitable for bulk materials without containers.
- apron stage
- (from the article "theatre") ...front of elaborately painted scenery and behind the proscenium arch. The Restoration playhouse, however, while borrowing the fully rigged stage of the Baroque theatre, provided, in addition, a deep apron stage thrusting out from the proscenium, upon which most of the action took place. Thus, the actor played, as it ...
- aprotic solvent
- (from the article "acid-base reaction") ...the solvents are classified as amphoteric (both acidic and basic), acidic (in which the acidic properties are much more prominent than the basic), basic (in which the reverse is true), and aprotic (in which both acidic and basic properties are almost entirely absent). Finally, concentrated aqueous acids are mentioned as ...
- apsara
- (from the article "Southeast Asian arts") ...were popular and emotionally gripping. By at least the 4th century, epic recitations were a part of the Brahmanic worship of ancient Cambodia. Carvings of the beautiful apsaras, or heavenly dancing girls, adorning the temples of Angkor attest to the importance of court dance in Cambodia between ...
- apse
- in architecture, a semicircular or polygonal termination to the choir, chancel, or aisle of a secular or ecclesiastical building. First used in pre-Christian Roman architecture, the apse often functioned as an enlarged niche to hold the statue of a deity in a temple. It was also used in the thermae ... [3 Related Articles]
- apse
- in astronomy, either of the two points on an elliptical orbit that are nearest to, and farthest from, the focus, or centre of attraction. The line of apsides, connecting the two points, is the major axis of the orbit. The point nearest the focus is the pericentre, or periapsis, and ...
- apsides, line of
- (from the article "apse") in astronomy, either of the two points on an elliptical orbit that are nearest to, and farthest from, the focus, or centre of attraction. The line of apsides, connecting the two points, is the major axis of the orbit. The point nearest the focus is the pericentre, or periapsis, and ...
- Apsu
- (from the article "Lahmu and Lahamu") in Mesopotamian mythology, twin deities, the first gods to be born from the chaos that was created by the merging of Apsu (the watery deep beneath the earth) and Tiamat (the personification of the salt waters); this is described in the Babylonian mythological text Enuma elish (c. 12th century BC).depiction ...
- APT
- (from the article "automation") ...The first numerical control machine tool was demonstrated in 1952 in the United States at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Subsequent research at MIT led to the development of the APT (Automatically Programmed Tools) language for programming machine tools.use for machine tool operations
- Apte, Hari Narayan
- (from the article "South Asian arts") The Madhali Sthiti (1885; "Middle State"), of Hari Narayan Apte, began the novel tradition in Marathi; the work's message was one of social reform. A high place is held by V.M. Joshi, who explored the education and evolution of a woman (Susila-cha Diva, 1930) and the relation between art and ...
- Apted, Michael
- (from the article "Performing Arts") Although British director Michael Apted was best known for feature films (notably Gorillas in the Mist and Coal Miner's Daughter), he also directed documentaries. The film 49 Up was the latest installment in the ongoing series about a group of British citizens from a range of socioeconomic backgrounds and the ...
- apterium
- (from the article "feather") Unlike the hair of most mammals, feathers do not cover the entire skin surface of birds but are arranged in symmetrical tracts (pterylae) with areas of bare skin (apteria) between. The latter may contain the small, soft feathers called down.
birdFeathers...act ...
- apterygote
- broadly, any of the primitive wingless insects of the subclass Apterygota (class Insecta), distinct from the subclass Pterygota, or winged insects. Used in this sense, the term apterygotes commonly includes four groups of primitive insects: proturans, collembolans, diplurans, and thysanurans. The taxonomic status of these groups, however, remains unsettled. [1 Related Articles]
- Aptheker, Herbert
- American historian (b. July 31, 1915, Brooklyn, N.Y.-d. March 17, 2003, Mountain View, Calif.), wrote and lectured extensively on black history and on his Marxist political views. Because of Aptheker's membership in the Communist Party of the United States, which he joined in 1939, he was excluded from an academic ...
- Aptian Stage
- fifth of six main divisions (in ascending order) in the Lower Cretaceous Series, representing rocks deposited worldwide during the Aptian Age, which occurred 125 to 112 million years ago during the Cretaceous Period. Rocks of the Aptian Stage overlie those of the Barremian Stage and underlie rocks of the Albian ...
- Aptidon, Hassan Gouled
- Djibouti politician (b. Oct. 15, 1916, Garissa, Lughaya district, French Somaliland [now Djibouti]-d. Nov. 21, 2006, Djibouti, Djibouti), was founding president for 22 years, from June 27, 1977, when Djibouti gained independence from France, until ill health compelled him to step down on May 8, 1999. He served as a ... [1 Related Articles]
- aptitude test
- examination that attempts to determine and measure a person's ability to acquire, through future training, some specific set of skills (intellectual, motor, and so on). The tests assume that people differ in their special abilities and that these differences can be useful in predicting future achievements. [1 Related Articles]
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