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Addison disease ... Adil Shahi dynasty

Addison disease rare disorder defined by destruction of the outer layer of the adrenal glands, the hormone-producing organs located just above the kidneys. Addison disease is rare because it only occurs when at least 90 percent of the adrenal cortex is destroyed. Addison, Joseph English essayist, poet, and dramatist, who, with Richard Steele, was a leading contributor to and guiding spirit of the periodicals The Tatler and The Spectator. His writing skill led to his holding important posts in government while the Whigs were in power. Addison, Thomas English physician after whom Addison's disease, a metabolic dysfunction caused by atrophy of the adrenal cortex, and Addison's (pernicious) anemia were named. He was the first to correlate a set of disease symptoms with pathological changes in one of the endocrine glands. addition reaction any of a class of chemical reactions in which an atom or group of atoms is added to a molecule. Addo Elephant National Park national park in Eastern province, South Africa. It has an area of 208 square miles (540 square km) and consists of two sections connected by a corridor. The southern part of the park lies in the Sundays River valley south of the Suurberg Range, north of Port Elizabeth, and was ... adductor muscle any of the muscles that draw a part of the body toward its median line or toward the axis of an extremity (compare abductor muscle), particularly three powerful muscles of the human thigh-adductor longus, adductor brevis, and adductor magnus. Originating at the pubis and the ischium (lower portions of the ... Ade, George American playwright and humorist whose Fables in Slang summarized the kind of wisdom accumulated by the country boy in the city. Ade, King Sunny Nigerian popular musician in the vanguard of the development and international popularization of juju music-a fusion of traditional Yoruba vocal forms and percussion with Western rock and roll. Adela daughter of William I the Conqueror of England and mother of Stephen, king of England, whose right to the throne derived through her. Adelaer Norwegian-born seaman and naval officer, distinguished in both Venetian and Danish naval history. Adelaide city and capital of the state of South Australia. Situated at the base of the Mount Lofty Ranges, 9 miles (14 km) inland from the centre of the eastern shore of the Gulf St. Vincent, it has a Mediterranean climate with hot summers (February mean temperature 74 F [23 C]), ... Adelaide Festival of Arts late-summer international festival showcasing visual, performing, literary, and media arts, held every two years in Adelaide, S.Aus., Austl. Adelaide River river in northwestern Northern Territory, Australia, rising in the hills west of Brock's Creek and flowing (with marked summer increases in volume) for 110 miles (180 km) northeastward to Adam Bay, an inlet of the Timor Sea on Clarence Strait. From its mouth, 32 miles (50 km) northeast of Darwin, ... Adelaide, Saint consort of the Western emperor Otto I and, later, regent for her grandson Otto III; one of the most influential women of 10th-century Europe, she helped strengthen the German church while subordinating it to imperial power. adelantado (Spanish: "one who goes before"), representative of the kings of Castile (Spain) who in the early European Middle Ages headed military expeditions and, from the reign of Ferdinand III (1217-52) until the 16th century, held judicial and administrative powers over specific districts. Greater adelantados (adelantados mayores) served as appeal judges ... Adelard Of Bath English Scholastic philosopher and early interpreter of Arabic scientific knowledge. Adele English pop singer and songwriter whose soulful, emotive voice and traditionally crafted songs made her one of the most broadly popular performers of her generation. Adelie Coast part of the coast of Wilkes Land in eastern Antarctica, extending from Claire Coast (west) to George V Coast (east). The region is an ice-covered plateau rising from the Indian Ocean and occupying an area of about 150,000 square miles (390,000 square km). It was discovered in 1840 by the ... Adelie penguin species of penguin (order Sphenisciformes) characterized by black and white plumage and a small ring of white feathers surrounding each eye. During the warmer months Adelie penguins are found primarily in several breeding colonies along rocky, ice-free coasts of Antarctica; colonies also occur on the South Shetland, South Orkney, and ... Adelphi University private, coeducational institution of higher learning in Garden City, New York, U.S. Adelphi is a liberal arts college serving Long Island, with branch campuses in Manhattan and Huntington. It offers a range of bachelor's and master's degree programs in business, nursing, social work, and the arts and sciences. Doctorate degrees ... Adelung, Johann Christoph one of the most influential German-language scholars before Jacob Grimm. His grammars, dictionary, and works on style helped to standardize the language. Aden city of Yemen. It is situated along the north coast of the Gulf of Aden and lies on a peninsula enclosing the eastern side of Al-Tawahi Harbour. The peninsula enclosing the western side of the harbour is called Little Aden. Aden, Gulf of deepwater basin that forms a natural sea link between the Red Sea and the Arabian Sea. Named for the seaport of Aden, in southern Yemen, the gulf is situated between the coasts of Arabia and the Horn of Africa. To the west, it narrows into the Gulf of Tadjoura; its ... Adena culture culture of various communities of ancient North American Indians, about 500 BC-AD 100, centred in what is now southern Ohio. Groups in Indiana, Kentucky, West Virginia, and possibly Pennsylvania bear similarities and are roughly grouped with the Adena culture. (The term Adena derives from the home of an early Ohio ... Adenauer, Konrad first chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany; 1949-63), presiding over its reconstruction after World War II. A Christian Democrat and firmly anticommunist, he supported the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and worked to reconcile Germany with its former enemies, especially France. Adenet Le Roi poet and musician, interesting for the detailed documentary evidence of his career as a household minstrel. adenine organic compound belonging to the purine family, occurring free in tea or combined in many substances of biological importance, including the nucleic acids, which govern hereditary characteristics of all cells. adenoids a mass of lymphatic tissue, similar to the (palatine) tonsils, that is attached to the back wall of the nasal pharynx (i.e., the upper part of the throat opening into the nasal cavity proper). An individual fold of such nasopharyngeal lymphatic tissue is called an adenoid. adenosine triphosphate energy-carrying molecule found in the cells of all living things. ATP captures chemical energy obtained from the breakdown of food molecules and releases it to fuel other cellular processes. adenovirus any virus belonging to the family Adenoviridae. This group of viruses was discovered in the 1950s and includes 6 genera and 47 species (formerly referred to as serotypes) that cause sore throat and fever in humans, hepatitis in dogs, and several diseases in fowl, mice, cattle, pigs, and monkeys. The ... adenovirus infection any of a group of illnesses caused by infection with an adenovirus. There are 47 different serotypes of adenovirus, though not all these serotypes cause illness in humans. Illnesses that arise from adenovirus infection include respiratory disease, conjunctivitis, keratoconjunctivitis (infection of the conjunctiva and cornea of the eye), gastroenteritis, and ... Adeodatus II pope (672-676) who was the first pontiff to date events in terms of his reign, which began with his election on April 11, 672. Ader Avion III monoplane designed, built, and first tested by the French aeronautical pioneer Clement Ader in 1897. For a table of pioneer aircraft, see history of flight. Ader Eole monoplane designed, built, and first tested by the French aeronautical pioneer Clement Ader in 1890. For a table of pioneer aircraft, see history of flight. Ader, Clement self-taught French engineer, inventor, and aeronautical pioneer. Ades, Thomas British composer, pianist, and conductor whose diverse compositional oeuvre, ranging from solo pieces to operas, established him as one of the most-skilled classical music artists of his generation. adhan (Arabic: "announcement"), the Muslim call to Friday public worship and to the five daily hours of prayer. It is proclaimed by the muezzin, a servant of the mosque chosen for good character, as he stands at the door or side of a small mosque or in the minaret of a ... Adhemar De Chabannes Frankish chronicler whose major work, Chronicon Aquitanicum et Francicum ("Chronicle of Aquitaine and France"), traces the history of Aquitaine and of the Franks from the times of the legendary king Pharamond. Adhemar of Monteil French bishop, papal legate, and a leader of the First Crusade. adhesive any substance that is capable of holding materials together in a functional manner by surface attachment that resists separation. "Adhesive" as a general term includes cement, mucilage, glue, and paste-terms that are often used interchangeably for any organic material that forms an adhesive bond. Inorganic substances such as portland cement ... adhocracy an organizational design whose structure is highly flexible, loosely coupled, and amenable to frequent change. Adi Granth the sacred scripture of Sikhism, a religion of India. It is a collection of nearly 6,000 hymns of the Sikh Gurus (religious leaders) and various early and medieval saints of different religions and castes. Adi-Buddha among some sects of Mahayana Buddhism, the first, or self-existing, buddha ("enlightened one"), from whom are said to have evolved the five Dhyani-Buddhas. Though the concept of an Adi-Buddha was never generally popular, a few groups, particularly in Nepal, Tibet, and Java, elevated the Dhyani-Buddha Vairochana to the position of ... adiabatic demagnetization process by which the removal of a magnetic field from certain materials serves to lower their temperature. This procedure, proposed by chemists Peter Debye (1926) and William Francis Giauque (independently, 1927), provides a means for cooling an already cold material (at about 1 K) to a small fraction of 1 ... adiabatic process in thermodynamics, change occurring within a system as a result of transfer of energy to or from the system in the form of work only; i.e., no heat is transferred. A rapid expansion or contraction of a gas is very nearly adiabatic. Any process that occurs within a container that ... Adiabene petty kingdom that was a vassal state of the Parthian empire (247 BC-AD 224) in northern Mesopotamia (now Iraq). Its capital was Arba-ilu (Arbela; modern Irbil). In the 1st century AD its royal family embraced Judaism; the queen mother Helena (d. AD 50), famous for her generosity to the Jews ... adiaphorism (from Greek adiaphora, "indifferent"), in Christian theology, the opinion that certain doctrines or practices in morals or religion are matters of indifference because they are neither commanded nor forbidden in the Bible. Two adiaphorist controversies occurred in Germany after the Reformation. Adichie, Chimamanda Ngozi Nigerian author whose work drew extensively on the Biafran war in Nigeria during the late 1960s. Adidam a small religious movement grounded in the Hindu tradition. Founded in 1972 in California by Franklin Jones (born 1939), who changed his name to Adi Da (Sanskrit: "One Who Gives from the Divine Source") in 1994, it has undergone a number of name changes and considerable internal turmoil. Adige River longest stream of Italy after the Po River. The Adige rises in the north from two Alpine mountain lakes below Resia Pass and flows rapidly through the Venosta Valley south and east past Merano and Bolzano. Having received the waters of the Isarco River at Bolzano, the Adige turns south ... Adil Shahi dynasty (1489-1686), ruling family of the kingdom of Bijapur, India, one of the two principal successor states to the Muslim sultanate of Bahmani in the Deccan. The dynasty strongly resisted the Mughal advance southward in the 17th century until it was extinguished by the Indian emperor Aurangzeb with the capture of ...