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Aylmer, John ... Azerbaijan: Year in Review 2001

Aylmer, John Anglican bishop of London in the reign of Elizabeth I, known for his vigorous enforcement of the Act of Uniformity (1559) within his Church of England diocese. His harsh treatment of all (whether Puritan or Roman Catholic) who differed with him on ecclesiastical questions caused him to be attacked in ... Aymara large South American Indian group living on the Altiplano-a vast windy plateau of the central Andes in Peru and Bolivia-with smaller numbers in Argentina and Chile. Their language is also called Aymara. In colonial times the Aymara tribes were the Canchi, Colla, Lupaca, Collagua, Ubina, Pacasa, Caranga, Charca, Quillaca, Omasuyo, ... Aymaran languages group of South American Indian languages spoken over a fairly large region in the southern Peruvian highlands and adjacent areas of Bolivia. Some scholars classify the Aymaran group and the Quechuan group together in the Quechumaran stock. See Quechuan languages. Ayme, Marcel French novelist, essayist, and playwright, known as a master of light irony and storytelling. ayn in Islamic countries, an eminent person. Under the Ottoman regime (c. 1300-1923) the term at first denoted provincial or local notables, but in the 18th and early 19th century it was applied to a class of landlords who exercised political functions and were accorded official status. Ayn Jalut, Battle of (Sept. 3, 1260), decisive victory of the Mamluks of Egypt over the invading Mongols, which saved Egypt and Islam and halted the westward expansion of the Mongol empire. Ayn, Al- city in Al-Buraymi oasis, southeastern Abu Zaby emirate, United Arab Emirates. The oasis city consists of houses of dried earth in a large palm grove; it also has a modern mosque and many gardens. Al-'Ayn is situated in a large expanse of fertile land at the foot of Mount Hafit. ... Ayodhya town, south-central Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. It lies on the Ghaghara River near Faizabad. Ayr town, northeastern Queensland, Australia, on the delta of the Burdekin River. The settlement was surveyed and gazetted in 1881. Declared a town in 1882 and named after the Scottish birthplace of Sir Thomas McIllwraith, then state premier, it became a shire in 1903. On the north coast rail line and ... Ayr port town, South Ayrshire council area, historic county of Ayrshire, Scotland, at the mouth of the River Ayr where it enters the Firth of Clyde. The town is at the centre of the area associated with Scotland's national poet, Robert Burns. ayre genre of solo song with lute accompaniment that flourished in England in the late 16th and early 17th centuries. The outstanding composers in the genre were the poet and composer Thomas Campion and the lutenist John Dowland, whose Flow, my teares (Lachrimae) became so popular that a large number of ... Ayrer, Jakob dramatist who incorporated elements of Elizabethan plays (e.g., spectacular stage effects, violent action, histrionic bombast, the stock figure of the clown) into his own plays, particularly his Fastnachtsspiele, the farces performed at Shrovetide (the three days preceding Ash Wednesday). Ayres, Anne the first American Protestant religious, who cofounded a sisterhood in the Protestant Episcopal Church. Ayrshire historic county, southwestern Scotland. The county is named for Ayr, its historic county town (seat). Apart from a small section in the south that is part of the council area of Dumfries and Galloway, Ayrshire is presently divided into the council areas of South Ayrshire, East Ayrshire, and North Ayrshire. Ayrshire breed of hardy dairy cattle originating in the county of Ayr, Scotland, in the latter part of the 18th century and considered to be the only special dairy breed to have originated in the British Isles. The body colour varies from almost pure white to nearly all cherry red or ... Ayrshire whitework in embroidery, a type of drawn thread work done in white thread on white material. Although similar work had been executed earlier and in other centres (for example, in 13th- and 14th-century Germany) and other examples are known from the intervening period, whitework became associated with the county (shire) of ... Ayrton, Hertha Marks British physicist who was the first woman nominated to become a fellow of the Royal Society. Aytmatov, Chingiz author, translator, journalist, and diplomat, best known as a major figure in Kyrgyz and Russian literature. Ayton, Sir Robert one of the earliest Scottish poets to use standard English as a literary medium. Aytoun, William Edmondstoune poet famous for parodies and light verse that greatly influenced the style of later Scottish humorous satire. Ayub Khan, Mohammad president of Pakistan from 1958 to 1969, whose rule marked a critical period in the modern development of his nation. Ayurveda traditional system of Indian medicine. Ayurvedic medicine is an example of a well-organized system of traditional health care, both preventive and curative, that is widely practiced in parts of Asia. Ayurveda has a long tradition behind it, having originated in India perhaps as much as 3,000 years ago. Today it ... Ayutthaya town and former capital of the Tai state of Ayutthaya (Siam) located in central Thailand, about 55 miles (89 km) north of Bangkok. The site of immense temples and other structures that are important both historically and architecturally, Ayutthaya was added to UNESCO's World Heritage List in 1991. Ayyappan in Hinduism, a deity who is always and at all times celibate, generally depicted in a yogic posture, wearing a bell around his neck. His most prominent shrine is at Sabarimalai in the southern Indian state of Kerala, and he enjoys popularity mostly in Kerala, though the neighboring states of ... ayyar any member of a class of warriors common to Iraq and Iran in the 9th-12th century, often associated in futuwah, medieval Islamic urban organizations. Ayyub father of Saladin, and a member of a family of Kurdish soldiers of fortune who in the 12th century took service under the Seljuq Turkish rulers in Iraq and Syria. Appointed governor of Damascus, Ayyub and his brother Shirkuh united Syria in preparation for war against the crusaders. He gave ... Ayyubid dynasty Sunni Muslim dynasty, founded by Saladin (Salah al-Din), that ruled in the late 12th and early 13th centuries over Egypt and what became upper Iraq, most of Syria, and Yemen. Azad Kashmir area of the Pakistani-administered sector of the Kashmir region, in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent. Azad ("Free") Kashmir, established in 1947 after the partition of India, is neither a province nor an agency of Pakistan but has a government of its own that is regarded by Pakistan as ... Azad, Abul Kalam Islamic theologian and one of the leaders of the Indian independence movement. Azad, Chandrasekhar Indian revolutionary who organized and led a band of militant youth during India's independence movement. Azais, Pierre-Hyacinthe philosopher whose optimism was rooted in the idea that human experience is imbued with a natural and harmonious balance between joy and sadness and that it is in this balance that meaning can be discovered. He advocated the idea in the work that first brought him fame, Des compensations dans ... azalea certain species of Rhododendron, of the family Ericaceae, formerly given the generic name Azalea. Neither the nature of the corolla (ring of petals) nor other characteristics are sufficiently constant to serve as a means of separating these plants into two distinct genera, although azaleas are typically deciduous while rhododendrons are ... Azali any member of the Babi movement (followers of a 19th-century Iranian prophet, the Bab) who chose to remain faithful to the Bab's teachings and to his chosen successor, Mirza Yahya, given the religious title Sobh-e Azal, after a split in the movement occurred in 1863. For about 13 years after ... Azamgarh town, eastern Uttar Pradesh state, northern India. It lies along the Tons River, a tributary of the Ghaghara, north of Varanasi (Benares). Founded in 1665 by A'zam Khan, a local chief for whom it is named, the compact town sits on a level plain and is enclosed on three sides ... Azana y Diaz, Manuel Spanish minister and president of the Second Republic whose attempts to fashion a moderately liberal government were halted by the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. Azare town and traditional emirate, Bauchi state, northeastern Nigeria, located in the northern extension of the state. The town and emirate are peopled by the Hausa, Fulani, and Kanuri, who are predominantly Muslim. The first prime minister of Nigeria, Sir Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, was born in the emirate. The area is ... Azariah, The Prayer of apocryphal insertion into The Book of Daniel in the Greek (Septuagint) Bible and subsequently included in the Latin (Vulgate) Bible and the Roman Catholic biblical canon. Azariah, Vedanayakam Samuel first Indian bishop of the Anglican Church in India. azathioprine immunosuppressive drug that is used to treat rheumatoid arthritis and to suppress the body's rejection of transplanted organs. By inhibiting several enzymatic pathways required for the synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), azathioprine decreases the number of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell) that can migrate to inflammatory sites. Leukopenia ... Azay-le-Rideau town and chateau, Indre-et-Loire departement, Centre region, central France. The town lies along the Indre River a few miles upstream from its confluence with the Loire River, about 15 miles (24 km) southwest of Tours. Originally the site of a Roman villa, the town was known in the 12th century ... Azazel in Jewish legends, a demon or evil spirit to whom, in the ancient rite of Yom Kippur (Day of Atonement), a scapegoat was sent bearing the sins of the Jewish people. Two male goats were chosen for the ritual, one designated by lots "for the Lord," the other "for Azazel" ... Azeglio, Massimo Taparelli, Marquess d' aristocrat, painter, author, and statesman who was a leader of the movement that advocated an Italian national revival (Risorgimento) by the expulsion of all foreign influences from the then-divided Italian states. His political influence far outweighed his artistic achievements. azeotrope in chemistry, a mixture of liquids that has a constant boiling point because the vapour has the same composition as the liquid mixture. The boiling point of an azeotropic mixture may be higher or lower than that of any of its components. The components of the solution cannot be separated ... Azerbaijan: Year in Review 1994 A republic of Transcaucasia, Azerbaijan borders Russia on the north, the Caspian Sea on the east, Iran on the south, Armenia on the west, and Georgia on the northwest. The 5,500-sq km exclave of Nakhichevan to the southwest is separated from Azerbaijan proper by a strip of Armenia. Area (including ... Azerbaijan: Year in Review 1995 A republic of Transcaucasia, Azerbaijan borders Russia on the north, the Caspian Sea on the east, Iran on the south, Armenia on the west, and Georgia on the northwest. The 5,500-sq km exclave of Nakhichevan to the southwest is separated from Azerbaijan proper by a strip of Armenia. Area (including ... Azerbaijan: Year in Review 1996 A republic of Transcaucasia, Azerbaijan borders Russia on the north, the Caspian Sea on the east, Iran on the south, Armenia on the west, and Georgia on the northwest. The 5,500-sq km exclave of Nakhichevan to the southwest is separated from Azerbaijan proper by a strip of Armenia. Area (including ... Azerbaijan: Year in Review 1997 A republic of Transcaucasia, Azerbaijan borders Russia on the north, the Caspian Sea on the east, Iran on the south, Armenia on the west, and Georgia on the northwest. The 5,500-sq km exclave of Nakhichevan to the southwest is separated from Azerbaijan proper by a strip of Armenia. Area (including ... Azerbaijan: Year in Review 1998 Area: 86,600 sq km (33,400 sq mi), including the 5,500-sq km (2,100-sq mi) exclave of Nakhichevan Azerbaijan: Year in Review 1999 Area: 86,600 sq km (33,400 sq mi), including the 5,500-sq km (2,100-sq mi) exclave of Nakhichevan and the 4,400-sq km (1,700-sq mi) disputed region (with Armenia) of Nagorno-Karabakh Azerbaijan: Year in Review 2000 Political developments in Azerbaijan in 1999 were overshadowed by concern over the failing health of 76-year-old Pres. Heydar Aliyev. Aliyev was hospitalized for two weeks in Turkey in mid-January with acute bronchitis, and in late April he underwent heart bypass surgery in the United States. Afterward he set about trying ... Azerbaijan: Year in Review 2001 Politics in Azerbaijan in 2000 centred on the November 5 parliamentary elections. Talks in the spring between the government, opposition parties, and the Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) resulted in amendments that rendered the draft election legislation more ...